Medicinal and anti-oxidant effects of Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia) in the treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy

Obesity is a major risk factor for diabetes mellitus (DM), which is a major global metabolic health disorder currently affecting over 460 million people and this number is rising rapidly. Heart failure (HF) is the major cause of death among diabetic patients. The disorder is due to elevated blood glucose or hyperglycemia (HG) beyond physiological level, which in turn leads to a number of long-term or end-organ complications over time and over 80% of all diabetics will eventually die from either HF or cardiomyopathy if left untreated. Treatment of DM is very costly and as such, patients turn to non-pharmacological or alternative forms of treatment, including weight loss, diet modifications and plant-based medicines, which are more cost-effective. There are several medicinal plants, which are currently used to treat for DM and they are known to exhibit anti-diabetic properties. One such plant is Momordica charantia, or bitter melon, which is used in many tropical countries as a traditional functional food and medicine, especially for the treatment of obesity, DM, hypertension and cancer. This review is related to the anti-oxidant beneficial effect of Momordica charantia in the treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). The beneficial effects of Momordica charantia in the treatment of obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have been reported in clinical and experimental animal studies and this review addresses some of these useful effects. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying its therapeutic antidiabetic effects of M charantia via its anti-oxidant activities are not fully known and further research studies need to be done

Disorders of Transepidermal Elimination

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/65203/1/j.1365-4362.1985.tb05799.x.pd

Cellular and Biochemical Mechanisms Driving the Susceptibility of Obese Subjects to Covid-19 Infection

Overweight is a major global health problem currently affecting almost 2 billion people worldwide. An additional 800 million are obese. These figures showed that 40% of the global adult population aged 18 years, and over are overweight while 14% are obese. What is now worrying is that more than 40 million children worldwide, as young as 5 years of age are either overweight or obese. Individuals with a body mass index (BMI) of 25–29 kg/m2 are considered to be overweight while obesity is the term used when the BMI is 30 kg/m2 and over. Obesity is an imbalance between calorie intake and calorie expenditure. In general, obesity can be caused by excessive eating and reduced physical activity. Obesity is a major risk factor for non-communicable diseases such as diabetes mellitus, respiratory and liver dysfunctions, sleep apnea, chronic inflammation, compromised immune system, renal failure, cancer, musculoskeletal disorders, cardiovascular diseases and others. Obesity is also a major risk factor for coronavirus disease 19 (Covid-19), which can induce severe cases of pneumonia and sepsis or acute respiratory distress syndrome. In many cases, Covid-19 causes severe and long-lasting damage to the lungs and other vital organs of the body resulting in death. This review describes the cellular and biochemical mechanism(s) whereby obese patients become susceptible to Covid-19 infection. It also outlines how obesity on its own can affect the lungs, which in turn become more compromised in cases of Covid-19 disease resulting in the imminent death of the patient