Firewalls Policies Based on Software Defined Networking: A survey

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) introduces granularity, visibility and flexibility to networking, which separates the control-logic from networking devices. SDN programmatically modifies the functionality and behaviour of network devices. It separates control plane and data plane, and thus provides centralized control. Though SDN provides better performance but there are some security issues that need to be taken care of. This includes firewalls, monitoring applications, IDS(Intrusion detection systems) etc. Therefore, this research work reviews the related approaches which have been proposed by identifying their firewall scope, their practicability, their advantages and drawbacks related with SDN. This paper describes the firewall policies as the forth new security challenges.Keywords: Software defined networking, Architecture, OpenFlow, Firewalls, Anomaly detectio

Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Case report and review

Muscular dystrophies are a clinically and heterogeneous group of disorders that all share clinical characteristics of progressive muscular weakness. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common X-linked disorder muscular dystrophy in children, presenting in early childhood and characterized by proximal muscle weakness and calf hypertrophy in affected boys. There is usually delay in motor development and eventually wheelchair confinement followed by premature death from cardiac or respiratory complications. Treatment modalities such as corticosteroid therapy and use of intermittent positive pressure ventilation have provided improvements in function, ambulation, quality of life, and life expectancy, although novel therapies still aim to provide a cure for this devastating disorder. Here, we present a case of DMD in a 12-year-old male with remarkable clinical and oral manifestations

Translational and Rotational Diffusion of Two Differently Charged Solutes in Ethylammonium Nitrate–Methanol Mixture: Does the Nanostructure of the Amphiphiles Influence the Motion of the Solute?

In this Article, we have investigated the translational and rotational diffusion of two structurally similar but differently charged solutes (rhodamine 6G perchlorate and fluorescein sodium salt) in ethylammonium nitrate (EAN)–methanol (CH₃OH) mixture to understand the effect of added ionic liquid on the motion of the solutes. EAN and CH₃OH both are amphiphilic molecules and characterized by an extended hydrogen bonding network. Recently, Russina et al. found that a wide distribution of clusters exist in the CH₃OH rich region (0.10 ≤ χ_EAN ≤ 0.15) and EAN molecules preserve their bulk-sponge-like morphology (Russina, O.; Sferrazza, A.; Caminiti, R.; Triolo, A. <i>J. Phys. Chem. Lett</i>. <b>2014</b>, <i>5</i>, 1738–1742). The effect of this microheterogeneous mixture on the solute’s motion shows some interesting results compared to other PIL (protic ionic liquid)–cosolvent mixtures. Analysis of the time-resolved anisotropy data with the aid of Stokes–Einstein–Debye (SED) hydrodynamic theory predicts that the reorientation time of both of the solutes appears close to the stick hydrodynamic line in the methanol rich region. The hydrogen bond accepting solutes experience specific interaction with CH₃OH, and with increasing concentration of EAN, the specific interaction between the solute and solvent molecules is decreased while the decrease is more prominent in the low mole fraction of EAN due to the large size of cluster formation. The temperature dependent anisotropy measurements show that the hydrogen bonding interaction between EAN and CH₃OH is increased with increasing temperature. Moreover, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) shows the dynamic heterogeneity of the mixture which is due to the segregation of the alkyl chain of the PIL. Formation of a large cluster at a low mole fraction of IL (0.10 ≤ χ_EAN ≤ 0.15) can be proved by the insensitivity of the translational diffusion and rotational activation energy of the solutes to the concentration of EAN. Thus, the result of the work suggests that the addition of EAN to the CH₃OH affects the specific interaction between solute and solvent and, as a consequence, the translational motion as well as the rotational motion of the solutes are modulated

Molekularna karakterizacija gena za mitohondrijsku 16S rRNA goveda, bivola i jaka.

A combination of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and nucleotide sequencing is the most preferred and efficient method for characterization of different species, in terms of detection power and applicability to large scale screening. The present study was carried out with the aim of developing the molecular fingerprint of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene of Cattle, Buffalo and Yak. Blood samples were collected randomly from ten different animals of each species for mitochondrial DNA extraction. The extracted DNA was used for the amplification of the 16S rRNA gene using universal primers. The size of the amplified products was 600bp. RFLP studies were carried out by digesting the amplicons using restriction enzymes viz. AluI, HinfI and HaeIII. The resulting RFLP pattern could easily identify and differentiate each of the species. Sequencing of the amplicons in all three species was carried out to confirm the variations at nucleotide level. Sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene using MEGA4 software and also PCRRFLP revealed that the 16S rRNA gene can be used as a good candidate for a molecular marker.Kombinacija lančane reakcije polimerazom (PCR) s polimorfizmom duljine restrikcijskih fragmenata (RFLP) i utvrđivanjem slijeda nukleotida (sekvenciranje) najpoželjniji je i učinkovit postupak za otkrivanje širokog raspona varijacija pri karakterizaciji različitih vrsta. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je razviti molekularni otisak za gen koji određuje mitohondrijske 16S rRNA goveda, bivola i jaka. Za izdvajanje mitohondrijske DNA nasumično je prikupljeno po 10 uzoraka krvi različitih životinja unutar svake vrste. Izdvojena DNA iskorištena je za umnažanje 16S rRNA gena uz uporabu univerzalnih početnica. Veličina umnoženih proizvoda iznosila je 600 bp. RFLP analize provedene su digestijom amplikona pomoću restrikcijskih enzima viz. AluI, HinfI i HaeIII. Dobiveni RFLP uzorak mogao je lako prepoznati i razlikovati svaku od vrsta. Sekvenciranje amplikona u sve tri vrste provedeno je s ciljem da se potvrde varijacija na razini nukleotida. Analiza sekvencija pomoću računalnog programa MEGA4 i metoda PCR-RFLP pokazala je da se gen 16S rRNA može upotrijebiti kao dobar kandidat za molekularni biljeg

Unveiling the Interaction of Duplex DNA with Graphene Oxide in the Presence of Two Diverse Binders: A Detailed Photophysical Study

Coupling of biomolecules with nanomaterials has drawn immense attraction because of the improved synergistic properties, functions, and biocompatible nature. Thus, this process manifests its important role and fascinating potential in various nanobiotechnogical, biomedical, biosensing, and imaging applications. In this work, fundamental understanding of the interfacial properties and the interaction of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) with graphene oxide (GO) has been systematically investigated by employing two different DNA-binding probes. Our results suggest that the unusual adsorption of duplex DNA onto the GO surface has been facilitated due to the partial deformation of the helical structure of DNA as evident from circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Depending on the location of the probes inside the DNA helix, the photophysical properties of the dye-bound DNA in the presence of GO have been changed. Interestingly, the translational diffusion and rotational motion of the minor groove-binding probe, 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) bound DNA, have been significantly altered with the addition of GO. In contrast, efficient electron transfer may occur from the DNA-intercalated ethidium bromide (EB) to GO with a time constant of ∼300 fs as evident from the ultrafast time-resolved measurement. Conclusively, a basic understanding of the interaction mechanism and dynamics of two different probes inside DNA and at the DNA-GO interface opens up new windows for the future development of various nano/bio applications

Investigation of Fibril Forming Mechanisms of l‑Phenylalanine and l‑Tyrosine: Microscopic Insight toward Phenylketonuria and Tyrosinemia Type II

Phenylketonuria and tyrosinemia type II, the two metabolic disorders, are originated due to the complications in metabolism of phenylalanine (Phe) and tyrosine (Tyr), respectively. Several neurological injuries, involving microcephaly, mental retardation, epilepsy, motor disease, and skin problems etc., are the symptoms of these two diseases. It has been reported that toxic amyloid fibrils are formed at high concentrations of Phe and Tyr. Our study indicates that the fibril forming mechanisms of Phe and Tyr are completely different. In the case of Phe, −NH₃⁺ and −COO^– groups of neighboring molecules interact via hydrogen bonding and polar interactions. On the other hand, there is no role of – NH₃⁺ group in the fibril forming mechanism of Tyr. In Tyr fibril, the two hydrogen bonding partners are −OH and −COO^– groups. In addition, we have also investigated the effect of three lanthanide cations on the fibrillar assemblies of Phe. It has been observed that the efficiencies of three lanthanides to inhibit the fibrillar assemblies of Phe follow the order Tb³⁺< Sm³⁺< Eu³⁺