Identifying Cultural and Cognitive Proximity between Managers and Customers in Tornio and Haparanda Cross Border Region

Daily intercultural interactions in cross-border regions such as those between customers and managers can be a source of knowledge and ideas. However, such interactions can pose distinctive constraints and opportunities for learning and exchange of ideas. This study adopts a relatively fine–grained quantitative approach to study elements of cognitive and cultural proximity which have a major impact on these interactions. It is based on a survey of 91 managers of small service firms and 312 customers in the twin city of Tornio and Haparanda on the border between Finland and Sweden. Seven elements of proximity were identified and measured. Six elements of perceived cognitive and cultural proximity including values, conservative values towards new ideas, knowledge and use of technology, use of a foreign language, sufficiently focusing or providing specific details and ways of solving problems were found significant in terms of shaping perceptions of Swedish and Finnish managers and customers, which shape these interactions. The results enhance our understanding of how daily cross-border intercultural can be examined in the context of cross-border regional knowledge transfer

Fracture-fill calcite as a record of microbial methanogenesis and fluid migration: a case study from the Devonian Antrim Shale, Michigan Basin

The Devonian Antrim Shale is an organic-rich, naturally fractured black shale in the Michigan Basin that serves as both a source and reservoir for natural gas. A well-developed network of major, through-going vertical fractures controls reservoir-scale permeability in the Antrim Shale. Many fractures are open, but some are partially sealed by calcite cements that retain isotopic evidence of widespread microbial methanogenesis. Fracture filling calcite displays an unusually broad spectrum of δ 13 C values (+34 to −41‰ PDB), suggesting that both aerobic and anaerobic bacterial processes were active in the reservoir. Calcites with high δ 13 C values (>+15‰) record cementation of fractures from dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) generated during bacterial methanogenesis. Calcites with low δ 13 C values (<−32‰) are solely associated with outcrop samples and record methane oxidation during cement precipitation. Fracture-fill calcite with δ 13 C values between −10 and −30‰ can be attributed to variable organic matter oxidation pathways, methane oxidation, and carbonate rock buffering. Identification of 13 C-rich calcite provides unambiguous evidence of biogenic methane generation and may be used to identify gas deposits in other sedimentary basins. It is likely that repeated glacial advances and retreats exposed the Antrim Shale at the basin margin, enhanced meteoric recharge into the shallow part of the fractured reservoir, and initiated multiple episodes of bacterial methanogenesis and methanotrophic activity that were recorded in fracture-fill cements. The δ 18 O values in both formation waters and calcite cements increase with depth in the basin (−12 to −4‰ SMOW, and +21 to +27‰ PDB, respectively). Most fracture-fill cements from outcrop samples have δ 13 C values between −41 and −15‰ PDB. In contrast, most cement in cores have δ 13 C values between +15 and +34‰ PDB. Radiocarbon and 230 Th dating of fracture-fill calcite indicates that the calcite formed between 33 and 390 ka, well within the Pleistocene Epoch.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/75720/1/j.1468-8123.2002.00036.x.pd

Geological and computer traps in petroleum exploration

Structure contour maps on top of the Viola Limestone in the southern portion of the Forest City Basin were computer contoured for 5-year intervals from 1950 to 1985 using raw data and first-through sixth-degree trend surfaces and residuals. The trend surfaces show maximum improvement in correlation coefficient and sum of squares in 1960. A shift in the position of positive residuals from west to east was located in going from low to higher ordered surfaces. Production was concentrated in the + 60 to + 79-ft residual contour interval. Prediction of residual value is poor for most contour intervals but, for the time interval 1980-1985, is about 75% accurate. Errors are within one contour interval. Combining probabilities gives +60 to +79-ft as the best interval to drill at present. A prediction of remaining producing or show in the area was arrived at by calculating the frequency distribution of all holes drilled and of dry holes drilled for 50-ft contour intervals using Johnson distributions. The result suggests a number of shows and producers yet to be located, particularly in the subsea elevations below - 1800-ft and above - 1500-ft. Potential is best, of course, where these raw data subsea elevations coincide with a positive residual from the third-degree surface of + 60-+ 79-ft. © 1986

Devonian shale program. Quarterly progress report, July-September 1979

Objectives are to analyze the potential natural gas productivity of the Black Shales in eastern Kentucky and western West Virginia. Progress during this quarter is reported on regional structure and production studies. (DLC

Devonian shale program. Quarterly progress report, April-June 1979

The tabulation of subsurface tops for several formations was completed for the Midway-Extra-Cottageville area, and a production study of the Midway-Extra field was also completed. Other studies (geophysical, fracture, structural, hydrologic) are also reported. (DLC