Frequency locking to a high-finesse Fabry-Perot cavity of a Frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser used as the optical phase modulator

We report on the frequency locking of a frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser to a 45 000 finesse, 87-cm-long, Fabry-Perot cavity using a modified form of the Pound-Drever-Hall technique. Necessary signals, such as light phase modulation and frequency correction feedback, are fed direcly to the infrared pump laser. This is sufficient to achieve a stable locking of the 532 nm visible beam to the cavity, also showing that the doubling process does not degrade laser performances.Comment: submitted to Review of Scientific Instrument

A polarisation modulation scheme for measuring vacuum magnetic birefringence with static fields

A novel polarisation modulation scheme for polarimeters based on Fabry-Perot cavities is presented. The application to the proposed HERA-X experiment aiming to measuring the magnetic birefringence of vacuum with the HERA superconducting magnets is discussed

Generation of microwave fields in cavities with laser-excited nonlinear media: competition between the second- and third-order optical nonlinearities

We discuss a scheme for the parametric amplification of the quantum fluctuations of the electromagnetic vacuum in a three-dimensional microwave resonator, and report the preliminary measurements to test its feasibility. In the present experimental scheme, the fundamental mode of a microwave cavity is nonadiabatically perturbed by modulating the index of refraction of the nonlinear optical crystal enclosed therein. Intense, multi-GHz laser pulses, such as those delivered by a mode-locked laser source, impinge on the crystal to accomplish the n-index modulation. We theoretically analyze the process of parametric generation, which is related to the third-order nonlinear coefficient \u3c7(3) of the nonlinear crystal, and assess the suitable experimental conditions for generating real photons from the vacuum. Second-order nonlinear processes are first analyzed as a possible source of spurious photons in quantum vacuum experiments when an ideal, mode-locked laser source is considered. The combination of a crystal non-null \u3c7(2) coefficient and a real mode-locked laser system\u2014i.e. one featuring offset-fromcarrier noise and unwanted secondary oscillations\u2014is also experimentally investigated, paving the way for future experiments in three-dimensional cavities

The PVLAS experiment: measuring vacuum magnetic birefringence and dichroism with a birefringent Fabry-Perot cavity

Vacuum magnetic birefringence was predicted long time ago and is still lacking a direct experimental confirmation. Several experimental efforts are striving to reach this goal, and the sequence of results promises a success in the next few years. This measurement generally is accompanied by the search for hypothetical light particles that couple to two photons. The PVLAS experiment employs a sensitive polarimeter based on a high finesse Fabry-Perot cavity. In this paper we report on the latest experimental results of this experiment. The data are analysed taking into account the intrinsic birefringence of the dielectric mirrors of the cavity. Besides the limit on the vacuum magnetic birefringence, the measurements also allow the model-independent exclusion of new regions in the parameter space of axion-like and milli-charged particles. In particular, these last limits hold also for all types of neutrinos, resulting in a laboratory limit on their charge

Measurements of vacuum magnetic birefringence using permanent dipole magnets: the PVLAS experiment

The PVLAS collaboration is presently assembling a new apparatus (at the INFN section of Ferrara, Italy) to detect vacuum magnetic birefringence (VMB). VMB is related to the structure of the QED vacuum and is predicted by the Euler-Heisenberg-Weisskopf effective Lagrangian. It can be detected by measuring the ellipticity acquired by a linearly polarised light beam propagating through a strong magnetic field. Using the very same optical technique it is also possible to search for hypothetical low-mass particles interacting with two photons, such as axion-like (ALP) or millicharged particles (MCP). Here we report results of a scaled-down test setup and describe the new PVLAS apparatus. This latter one is in construction and is based on a high-sensitivity ellipsometer with a high-finesse Fabry-Perot cavity ($>4\times 10^5$) and two 0.8 m long 2.5 T rotating permanent dipole magnets. Measurements with the test setup have improved by a factor 2 the previous upper bound on the parameter $A_e$, which determines the strength of the nonlinear terms in the QED Lagrangian: $A_e^{\rm (PVLAS)} < 3.3 \times 10^{-21}$ T$^{-2}$ 95% c.l. Furthermore, new laboratory limits have been put on the inverse coupling constant of ALPs to two photons and confirmation of previous limits on the fractional charge of millicharged particles is given

First results from the new PVLAS apparatus: a new limit on vacuum magnetic birefringence

Several groups are carrying out experiments to observe and measure vacuum magnetic birefringence, predicted by Quantum Electrodynamics (QED). We have started running the new PVLAS apparatus installed in Ferrara, Italy, and have measured a noise floor value for the unitary field magnetic birefringence of vacuum $\Delta n_u^{\rm (vac)}= (4\pm 20) \times 10^{-23}$ T$^{-2}$ (the error represents a 1$\sigma$ deviation). This measurement is compatible with zero and hence represents a new limit on vacuum magnetic birefringence deriving from non linear electrodynamics. This result reduces to a factor 50 the gap to be overcome to measure for the first time the value of $\Delta n_u^{\rm (vac,QED)}$ predicted by QED: $\Delta n_u^{\rm (vac,QED)}= 4\times 10^{-24}$ ~T$^{-2}$. These birefringence measurements also yield improved model-independent bounds on the coupling constant of axion-like particles to two photons, for masses greater than 1 meV, along with a factor two improvement of the fractional charge limit on millicharged particles (fermions and scalars), including neutrinos

Measurement of the Cotton Mouton effect of water vapour

In this paper we report on a measurement of the Cotton Mouton effect of water vapour. Measurement performed at room temperature ($T=301$ K) with a wavelength of 1064 nm gave the value $\Delta n_u = (6.67 \pm 0.45) \cdot 10^{-15}$ for the unit magnetic birefringence (1 T magnetic field and atmospheric pressure)

New PVLAS model independent limit for the axion coupling to γγ\gamma\gamma for axion masses above 1meV

During 2014 the PVLAS experiment has started data taking with a new apparatus installed at the INFN Section of Ferrara, Italy. The main target of the experiment is the observation of magnetic birefringence of vacuum. According to QED, the ellipticity generated by the magnetic birefringence of vacuum in the experimental apparatus is expected to be $\psi^{\rm(QED)} \approx 5\times10^{-11}$. No ellipticity signal is present so far with a noise floor $\psi^{\rm(noise)} \approx 2.5\times10^{-9}$ after 210 hours of data taking. The resulting ellipticity limit provides the best model independent upper limit on the coupling of axions to $\gamma\gamma$ for axion masses above $10^{-3}$eV

Erratum to: A polarisation modulation scheme for measuring vacuum magnetic birefringence with static fields

In the original article unfortunately we missed two typos in the equation for $$I(\delta )$$ at the top of the fourth page of the article