Intrinsic Tuning of Poly(styrene–butadiene–styrene)-Based Self-Healing Dielectric Elastomer Actuators with Enhanced Electromechanical Properties

The electromechanical properties of a thermoplastic styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) dielectric elastomer was intrinsically tuned by chemical grafting with polar organic groups. Methyl thioglycolate (MG) reacted with the butadiene block via a one-step thiol–ene “click” reaction under UV at 25 °C. The MG grafting ratio reached 98.5 mol % (with respect to the butadiene alkenes present) within 20 min and increased the relative permittivity to 11.4 at 103 Hz, with a low tan δ. The actuation strain of the MG-grafted SBS dielectric elastomer actuator was 10 times larger than the SBS-based actuator, and the actuation force was 4 times greater than SBS. The MG-grafted SBS demonstrated an ability to achieve both mechanical and electrical self-healing. The electrical breakdown strength recovered to 15% of its original value, and the strength and elongation at break recovered by 25 and 21%, respectively, after 3 days. The self-healing behavior was explained by the introduction of polar MG groups that reduce viscous loss and strain relaxation. The weak CH/π bonds through the partially charged (δ+) groups adjacent to the ester of MG and the δ- center of styrene enable polymer chains to reunite and recover properties. Intrinsic tuning can therefore enhance the electromechanical properties of dielectric elastomers and provides new actuator materials with self-healing mechanical and dielectric properties.<br/

Intrinsic Tuning of Poly(styrene–butadiene–styrene)-Based Self-Healing Dielectric Elastomer Actuators with Enhanced Electromechanical Properties

The electromechanical properties of a thermoplastic styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) dielectric elastomer was intrinsically tuned by chemical grafting with polar organic groups. Methyl thioglycolate (MG) reacted with the butadiene block via a one-step thiol–ene “click” reaction under UV at 25 °C. The MG grafting ratio reached 98.5 mol % (with respect to the butadiene alkenes present) within 20 min and increased the relative permittivity to 11.4 at 103 Hz, with a low tan δ. The actuation strain of the MG-grafted SBS dielectric elastomer actuator was 10 times larger than the SBS-based actuator, and the actuation force was 4 times greater than SBS. The MG-grafted SBS demonstrated an ability to achieve both mechanical and electrical self-healing. The electrical breakdown strength recovered to 15% of its original value, and the strength and elongation at break recovered by 25 and 21%, respectively, after 3 days. The self-healing behavior was explained by the introduction of polar MG groups that reduce viscous loss and strain relaxation. The weak CH/π bonds through the partially charged (δ+) groups adjacent to the ester of MG and the δ- center of styrene enable polymer chains to reunite and recover properties. Intrinsic tuning can therefore enhance the electromechanical properties of dielectric elastomers and provides new actuator materials with self-healing mechanical and dielectric properties.<br/

Effects of off-plane deformation and biased bi-axial pre-strains on a planar contractile dielectric elastomer actuator

Dielectric elastomers are in a special class of electro-active polymers known for generating expansion in plane and contraction in thickness under voltage application. This paper advances the understanding of a planar contractile dielectric elastomer actuator (cDEA) that is distinct from conventional multi-layer cDEAs but generates comparable contractile strains. Its structure has a rod-constrained rhombus-shaped electrode region, which undergoes simultaneous in-plane contraction and extension during actuation depending on the configuration of the rod-constraining. It is demonstrated that when the planar cDEA is driven by high voltages, off-plane deformation (i.e., wrinkling) in the direction of contraction causes the rod-constrained electrode region to lose tension and extend in the lateral direction, resulting in a significant increase in contraction strain. It also demonstrates that the contraction strain can be increased further by having biased bi-axial pre-strains. By incorporating both effects, the new cDEA generates a maximum contraction strain of 13%, twice that reported previously for planar cDEAs. A modified planar cDEA, having an additional rigid frame to maintain the pre-strain in the lateral direction to contraction was also developed to demonstrate contractile force actuation. Finally, a stability study shows that the planar cDEA has a primary failure mode of electrical breakdown close to the corners of the rod-constrained electrode region. Having inactive regions around the active cell is essential for generating contraction and eliminating buckling of the planar cDEA in the lateral direction

Closed loop control of force operation in a novel self-sensing dielectric elastomer actuator

Closed loop feedback is essential in achieving the precise control of dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) due to their inherent nonlinear viscoelasticity. A novel self-sensing mechanism that uses capacitive sensing to detect the actuation of force in a dielectric elastomer sensing actuator (DESA) is proposed in this paper. In contrast to a conventional self-sensing DEA, it consists of an electro-active region (AR) for the actuation together with an independent electro-sensing region (SR). By doing so, the self-sensing mechanism does not exhibit longterm drift in the correlation between the structural deformation and the capacitive change, which is commonly found in conventional self-sensing DEAs. The results show that the proportional-integral (PI) controlled DESA performs effectively under uniaxial actuation. The DESA can suppress the relaxation of the viscoelastic DE and thus enable a constant force output. It also shows that the sensing capacity of the DESA can be enhanced further with appropriate electrode arrangement and motion-constraining. Furthermore, the results show that the DESA senses the off-plane expansion distinctly compared with the in-plane deformation, which helps to detect any wrinkling of the structure

Crystal-field Engineering of Ultrabroadband Mid-infrared Emission in Co2+-doped Nano-chalcogenide Glass Composites

unable and ultrabroadband mid-infrared (MIR) emissions in the range of 2.5–4.5 μm are firstly reported from Co2+-doped nano-chalcogenide (ChG) glass composites. The composites embedded with a variety of binary (ZnS, CdS, ZnSe) and ternary (ZnCdS, ZnSSe) ChG nanocrystals (NCs) can be readily obtained by a simple one-step thermal annealing method. They are highly transparent in the near- and mid-infrared wavelength region. Low-cost and commercially available Er3+-doped fiber lasers can be used as the excitation source. By crystal-field engineering of the embedded NCs through cation- or anion-substitution, the emission properties of Co2+ including its emission peak wavelength and bandwidth can be tailored in a broad spectral range. The phenomena can be accounted for by crystal-field theory. Such nano-ChG composites, perfectly filling the 3–4 μm spectral gap between the oscillations of Cr2+ and Fe2+ doped IIVI ChG crystals, may find important MIR photonic applications (e.g., gas sensing), or can be used directly as an efficient pump source for Fe2+: IIVI crystals which are suffering from lack of pump sources

Intrinsic tuning of poly (styrene-butadiene-styrene) (SBS) based self-healing dielectric elastomer actuators with enhanced electromechanical properties

The electromechanical properties of a thermoplastic styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) dielectric elastomer was intrinsically tuned by chemical grafting with polar organic groups. Methyl thioglycolate (MG) reacted with the butadiene block via a one-step thiol-ene ‘click’ reaction under UV at 25°C. The MG grafting ratio reached 98.5 mol% (with respect to the butadiene alkenes present) within 20 minutes and increased the relative permittivity to 11.4 at 103 Hz, with a low tan δ. The actuation strain of the MG grafted SBS dielectric elastomer actuator was ten times larger than the SBS-based actuator, and the actuation force was four times greater than SBS. The MG grafted SBS demonstrated an ability to achieve both mechanical and electrical self-healing. The electrical breakdown strength recovered to 15% of its original value, and the strength and elongation at break recovered by 25% and 21%, respectively, after three days. The self-healing behaviour was explained by the introduction of polar MG groups that reduce viscous loss and strain relaxation. The weak CH/π bonds through the partially charged (δ+) groups adjacent to the ester of MG and the δ- centre of styrene enable polymer chains to reunite and recover properties. Intrinsic tuning can therefore enhance the electromechanical properties of dielectric elastomers and provides new actuator materials with self-healing mechanical and dielectric properties

Third-order optical nonlinearity properties of CdCl2-modifed Ge–Sb–S chalcogenide glasses

We developed a new type of chalcohalide glasses with physicochemical and nonlinear optical properties that are tunable by composition. It is found that more than 60 mol.% CdCl2 heavy metal halide can be dissolved into the ternary Ge–Sb–S system and forming stable glasses. The visible-light transparency range is extended to shorter wavelengths with the addition of CdCl2, which is beneficial for the optical quality control and infra-red (IR) system alignment. The third-order optical nonlinearity (TONL) is studied using the femtosecond Z-scan method. The results show that both the nonlinear refractive index and two photon absorption co-efficient decrease with CdCl2. Benefiting from the favorable property-tailoring effects of CdCl2, the TONL figure of merit (FOM) can be improved to meet the requirement (FOM \u3c 1) for all-optical switching and IR photonic applications

Ultrabroadband mid-infrared emission from Cr 2+ -doped infrared transparent chalcogenide glass ceramics embedded with thermally grown ZnS nanorods

We report, for the first time to our knowledge, an ultrabroadband mid-infrared (MIR) emission in the range of 1800–2800 nm at room temperature from a Cr2+-doped chalcogenide glass ceramic embedded with pure hexagonal (wurtzite) β-ZnS nanorods and study the emission-dependent properties on the doping concentration of Cr2+. A new family of chalcogenide glasses based on (100 − x) Ge1.5As2S6.5 – x ZnSe (in mol.%) was prepared by melt-quenching method. The Cr2+: β-ZnS nanorods of ˜150 nm in diameter and ˜1 μm in length were grown in the Cr2+-doped glass after thermal annealing. The compositional variations of glass structures and optical properties were studied. The crystalline phase, morphology of the thermally grown nanorods, and the microscopic elemental distributions were characterized using advanced nanoscale transmission electron microscopy analyses