Modelo de educación de la inteligencia colectiva

The research carried out is part of the field of study of Collective Intelligence (CI) with the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in Higher Education. The heart of this research was focused on the study, design and construction of electronic tools according to the paradigms of CI, to be applied in Higher Education. As an instrument for the implementation of these tools, an educational model with a collective work approach was designed. The research strategy used was Design-Based Research (DBR), because it investigates a phenomenon in its real context, iterative and incremental, and it is especially recommended for the field of education. DBR in each experimental cycle updates literature, model and tools. Empirical studies were conducted in four universities and fields of study in Latin America and Europe. The refinements demanded by the research strategy provided the scientific and empirical evidence to design ICT tools that meet the requirements of CI. In addition, the results indicate that the educational model and the tools have generated a positive perception in teachers and students about the effects on the teaching-learning process. Based on this fact, the experimental cycles present significant contributions to the research carried out around the CI with ICT tools in Higher Education.La investigación realizada se enmarca en el campo de estudio de la Inteligencia Colectiva (IC) con el uso de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicaciones (TIC) en la Educación Superior. El corazón de ésta investigación estuvo enfocada en el estudio, diseño y construcción de herramientas electrónicas acorde a los paradigmas de IC, para ser aplicadas en la Educación Superior. Como vía de instrumentación de dichas herramientas, se diseñó un modelo educativo con enfoque de trabajo colectivo. La estrategia de investigación que se utilizó fue la Investigación Basada en el Diseño (DBR), porque investiga un fenómeno en su contexto real, es iterativa e incremental, y está especialmente recomendada para el ámbito de la educación.DBR en cada ciclo experimental actualiza literatura, modelo y herramientas. Los estudios empíricos se realizaron en cuatro universidades y campos de estudio en Hispanoamérica y Europa. Los múltiples refinamientos exigidos por la estrategia de investigación, proporcionaron la evidencia científica y empírica para diseñar herramientas TIC que cumplan con los requisitos de IC. Además, los resultados indican que el modelo educativo y las herramientas han generado una percepción positiva en docentes y estudiantes sobre los efectos en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Basados en este hecho, los ciclos experimentales presentan aportes significativos a las investigaciones que se realizan en torno a la IC con herramientas TIC en la Educación Superior

Cytotoxicity of DB-02 in C8166, MT-4 and PBMC using MTT methods.

<p>DB-02 showed low cytotoxicity to all the three types of aforementioned cells above. CC₅₀ of these cells were all >1000μM, respectively.</p

RT activity of DB-2 <i>in</i><i>vitro</i>.

<p>The RT activity was measured by ELISA using DIG-labeled dNTPs, which were incorporated into the newly synthesized cDNA. The figure represents three independent experiments.</p

Structures of <i>S</i>-DABO and DB-02.

<p>Structures of <i>S</i>-DABO and DB-02.</p

Dibenzocyclooctadiene Lignans and Norlignans from Fruits of <i>Schisandra wilsoniana</i>

Seven new dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans, marlignans M–S (<b>1</b>–<b>7</b>), four new norlignans, marphenols C–F (<b>8</b>–<b>11</b>), and 21 known compounds (<b>12</b>–<b>32</b>) were isolated from the fruits of <i>Schisandra wilsoniana</i>. The structures of <b>1</b>–<b>11</b> were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including 1D- and 2D-NMR techniques and CD experiments. Compounds <b>1</b>–<b>11</b> were evaluated for their anti-HIV activities and showed EC₅₀ values in the range 2.97–6.18 μg/mL and therapeutic index values of 5.33–29.13

Bioactive Dibenzocyclooctadiene Lignans from the Stems of <i>Schisandra neglecta</i>

Seven new unusual dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans, neglignans A–G (<b>1</b>–<b>7</b>), together with 16 known dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans, were isolated from the stems of <i>Schisandra neglecta</i>. Compounds <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> are the first dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans bearing a carboxyl group at C-4, and compounds <b>3</b> and <b>4</b> are the first 7,8-<i>seco</i>-dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans found from Nature. The new compounds (<b>1</b>–<b>7</b>) and several of the known compounds were evaluated for their anti-HIV activity and cytotoxicity. Compounds <b>2</b> and <b>6</b> showed anti-HIV-1 activities with therapeutic index values greater than 50, and compound <b>4</b> showed cytotoxicity against the NB4 and SHSY5Y cancer cell lines with IC₅₀ values of 2.9 and 3.3 μM, respectively

Schilancitrilactones A–C: Three Unique Nortriterpenoids from Schisandra lancifolia

Three unique nortriterpenoids, schilancitrilactones A–C (<b>1</b>–<b>3</b>), were isolated from the stems of Schisandra lancifolia. Compound <b>1</b> possesses a 5/5/7/5/5/5-fused hexacyclic ring system with a C₂₉ backbone, while <b>2</b> and <b>3</b> feature a C₂₇ skeleton with a 5/7/5/5/5-fused pentacyclic ring system. Their absolute stereochemistries were established by CD and single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments. Compound <b>3</b> showed anti-HIV-1 activity with an EC₅₀ value of 27.54 μg/mL, and <b>1</b> exhibited antifeedant activity at 15.73 μg/cm²

Anti-HIV-1 activities of FNC, 3TC and AZT against RT-resistant strains in C8166 cells^a.

<p><b><i>a</i></b>. Except for AZT, all data represent means ± standard deviation for three separate experiments. For AZT, the EC_50s represents means ± standard deviation for two separate experiments.</p><p><b><i>b.</i></b> FC, fold change, the ratio of EC_50(Mut)/EC_50(WT).</p

Anti-HIV-1 activities of FNC, 3TC and AZT in cell cultures^a.

<p><b><i>a</i></b> All data represent means± standard deviation for three separate experiments.</p><p><b><i>b</i></b> CC₅₀, 50% cytotoxic concentration.</p><p><b><i>c</i></b> B/C, B/C recombinant.</p

Schilancitrilactones A–C: Three Unique Nortriterpenoids from Schisandra lancifolia

Three unique nortriterpenoids, schilancitrilactones A–C (<b>1</b>–<b>3</b>), were isolated from the stems of Schisandra lancifolia. Compound <b>1</b> possesses a 5/5/7/5/5/5-fused hexacyclic ring system with a C₂₉ backbone, while <b>2</b> and <b>3</b> feature a C₂₇ skeleton with a 5/7/5/5/5-fused pentacyclic ring system. Their absolute stereochemistries were established by CD and single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments. Compound <b>3</b> showed anti-HIV-1 activity with an EC₅₀ value of 27.54 μg/mL, and <b>1</b> exhibited antifeedant activity at 15.73 μg/cm²