MULTINATIONAL BANKING AND MICROFINANCE AN ANALYSIS BASED ON THE PARADIGM "OLI" REVISITED

International audienceThis working paper deals with some aspects of the internationalization of microfinance in emerging and developing countries. In several of these countries, multinational banks (MNBs) have become increasingly interested in microfinance. These banks have thus gradually become direct or indirect providers of microfinance services. We propose a two-step process for analyzing the entry of MNBs into microfinance on such foreign markets. The first step is conceptual and theoretical. We propose an original typology of modes of presence of MNBs in microfinance activity abroad. Then we analyze this issue with the help of the "Ownership-Location-Internalization (OLI) paradigm" (or "eclectic theory"). This in-depth investigation provides an appropriate framework for analyzing empirically the modes of entry of MNBS to microfinance. This empirical second step will be the subject of a complementary forthcoming development. JEL: G21, G24, F21. Key words: provision of microfinance services, multinational bank, eclectic (OLI) theory, FDI, entry on foreign banking markets.

Diplomatie scientifique. De quelques notions de base et questions-clés

Apparue il y a une dizaine d’années dans le vocabulaire des relations internationales, la « diplomatie scientifique » reste mal connue, une erreur fréquente étant de la confondre avec la coopération scientifique internationale. Prenant appui sur des exemples puisés dans l’histoire et dans l’actualité des relations internationales, ce texte peut être lu comme une introduction générale à la diplomatie scientifique. Celle-ci appartient au champ des politiques publiques et recouvre des pratiques variées, identifiées à partir des grands objectifs poursuivis par les États qui s’y engagent : attirer, coopérer, influencer.“Science diplomacy” appeared some ten years ago in the vocabulary of international relations but it still remains poorly known, a frequent mistake being to confuse it with international scientific cooperation. Drawing on examples taken from history and from the present nature of international relations, this text can be read as a general introduction to science diplomacy, which belongs to the field of public policies and covers various practices. We identify these from the main objectives pursued by the States that engage in science diplomacy : attraction, cooperation, influenc

Science diplomacy. Foundations and practice

What is science diplomacy? Why is it important in a world marked by global challenges such as climate change and confrontation between great powers? What knowledge can be mobilised to study this emerging field of practice and research? The chapters in this volume provide initial answers to these questions, examining different aspects of science diplomacy, both from a theoretical point of view and by presenting real world case studies. The intent of the book is to offer an introduction to an increasingly important theme in the relations between science, society and politics. Consequently, it is addressed to all those (students, researchers, decision-makers) who are approaching science diplomacy for the first time

La diplomazia scientifica. Fondamenti e pratiche

Cos’è la diplomazia scientifica? Qual è la sua importanza in un mondo segnato da sfide globali come il cambiamento climatico e il confronto fra grandi potenze? Quali saperi si possono mobilitare per studiare questo campo emergente di pratica e ricerca? I capitoli di questo volume offrono alcuni spunti per iniziare a rispondere a queste domande, ciascuno esaminandone un aspetto diverso, sia da un punto di vista teorico che presentando dei casi di studio sulla diplomazia scientifica «in azione». L’intento è di offrire una prima introduzione a un tema sempre più importante nelle relazioni fra scienza, società e politica, rivolgendosi a tutti coloro (studenti, ricercatori, decisori) che ad esso si avvicinano per la prima volta

"Delirium Day": A nationwide point prevalence study of delirium in older hospitalized patients using an easy standardized diagnostic tool

Background: To date, delirium prevalence in adult acute hospital populations has been estimated generally from pooled findings of single-center studies and/or among specific patient populations. Furthermore, the number of participants in these studies has not exceeded a few hundred. To overcome these limitations, we have determined, in a multicenter study, the prevalence of delirium over a single day among a large population of patients admitted to acute and rehabilitation hospital wards in Italy. Methods: This is a point prevalence study (called "Delirium Day") including 1867 older patients (aged 65 years or more) across 108 acute and 12 rehabilitation wards in Italian hospitals. Delirium was assessed on the same day in all patients using the 4AT, a validated and briefly administered tool which does not require training. We also collected data regarding motoric subtypes of delirium, functional and nutritional status, dementia, comorbidity, medications, feeding tubes, peripheral venous and urinary catheters, and physical restraints. Results: The mean sample age was 82.0 \ub1 7.5 years (58 % female). Overall, 429 patients (22.9 %) had delirium. Hypoactive was the commonest subtype (132/344 patients, 38.5 %), followed by mixed, hyperactive, and nonmotoric delirium. The prevalence was highest in Neurology (28.5 %) and Geriatrics (24.7 %), lowest in Rehabilitation (14.0 %), and intermediate in Orthopedic (20.6 %) and Internal Medicine wards (21.4 %). In a multivariable logistic regression, age (odds ratio [OR] 1.03, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.01-1.05), Activities of Daily Living dependence (OR 1.19, 95 % CI 1.12-1.27), dementia (OR 3.25, 95 % CI 2.41-4.38), malnutrition (OR 2.01, 95 % CI 1.29-3.14), and use of antipsychotics (OR 2.03, 95 % CI 1.45-2.82), feeding tubes (OR 2.51, 95 % CI 1.11-5.66), peripheral venous catheters (OR 1.41, 95 % CI 1.06-1.87), urinary catheters (OR 1.73, 95 % CI 1.30-2.29), and physical restraints (OR 1.84, 95 % CI 1.40-2.40) were associated with delirium. Admission to Neurology wards was also associated with delirium (OR 2.00, 95 % CI 1.29-3.14), while admission to other settings was not. Conclusions: Delirium occurred in more than one out of five patients in acute and rehabilitation hospital wards. Prevalence was highest in Neurology and lowest in Rehabilitation divisions. The "Delirium Day" project might become a useful method to assess delirium across hospital settings and a benchmarking platform for future surveys