The Role of Myelin in Theiler's Virus Persistence in the Central Nervous System

Theiler's virus, a picornavirus, persists for life in the central nervous system of mouse and causes a demyelinating disease that is a model for multiple sclerosis. The virus infects neurons first but persists in white matter glial cells, mainly oligodendrocytes and macrophages. The mechanism, by which the virus traffics from neurons to glial cells, and the respective roles of oligodendrocytes and macrophages in persistence are poorly understood. We took advantage of our previous finding that the shiverer mouse, a mutant with a deletion in the myelin basic protein gene (Mbp), is resistant to persistent infection to examine the role of myelin in persistence. Using immune chimeras, we show that resistance is not mediated by immune responses or by an efficient recruitment of inflammatory cells into the central nervous system. With both in vivo and in vitro experiments, we show that the mutation does not impair the permissiveness of neurons, oligodendrocytes, and macrophages to the virus. We demonstrate that viral antigens are present in cytoplasmic channels of myelin during persistent infection of wild-type mice. Using the optic nerve as a model, we show that the virus traffics from the axons of retinal ganglion cells to the cytoplasmic channels of myelin, and that this traffic is impaired by the shiverer mutation. These results uncover an unsuspected axon to myelin traffic of Theiler's virus and the essential role played by the infection of myelin/oligodendrocyte in persistence

Le salut en judo : un médium ritualisé de communication

Les hommes se sont-ils toujours salués avant de s'affronter en combat singulier ? Et si oui, quelle est la fonction du salut ? Référence au divin, conjuration du sort et de la mort, ou simple rappel d'une éthique du combat régulier ?L'étude de trois populations de judokas montre que le rituel du salut est un véritable médium de communication, dont le sens minimum partagé par tous autorise l'entrée dans le combat.Did men always salute together before fighting in duel? And if yes, what's the salute's function? Reference to the divin, conjuration of fate or death, or simple recall of the ethic in duel according to the rules? Study of three judoka's populations shows that salute's ritual is a real communication's medium, whose minimum meaning, shared by all, allows the entrance into duel

Inclusion through Sport: A Critical View on Paralympic Legacy from a Historical Perspective

Through its commitment to universalism, the inclusion of disabled people has become an increasingly prominent objective of the Paralympic Games. To achieve this, the organisers rely on the notion of legacy, which refers to the expected effects of major sporting events on host countries. This notion was initially founded on material aspects and then took an interest in certain intangible sides that were spotted within the organiser’s goals and studied in literature. Building on the historical literature about the Paralympic movement’s institutionalization, this article shows that this institutionalization took place in a context of tension between disabled communities, depending on their proximity to the Olympic model. What is the impact of this historical legacy in terms of inclusion of the greater number? By shedding light on the historical perspective of the obstacles encountered in the creation of an ‘all-disabilities’ sporting event, this article aims to discuss and challenge the current perspective on the inclusive legacy of the Paralympic Games