HISTORY OF THE CHILDHOOD : THE REFLECTION OF THE TEACHER ’ S IMAGE IN DOLLS

The toys are an indispensible part of the childhood. They influence the formation of the child’s conceptions because through them the child perceives and learns about the world. Dolls are toys that have not lost their topicality since the origins of the humankind. As the visual information dominates it is important what information is expressed by dolls-teachers because children will arrive at school having already some notions about the teacher. This can influence children’s relations with the teacher and the school. The aim of the article is to analyze the image of dolls – teachers. The used methods are the analysis of literature and material/visual sources. Pictures of 207 teachers- dolls were analyzed. The obtained results reveal what representations these toys can create in children. The started study marks new trends in the research of the teacher’s image and toys

WHO Standards-based questionnaire to measure health workers' perspective on the quality of care around the time of childbirth in the WHO European region : development and mixed-methods validation in six countries

© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.OBJECTIVES: Develop and validate a WHO Standards-based online questionnaire to measure the quality of maternal and newborn care (QMNC) around the time of childbirth from the health workers' perspective. DESIGN: Mixed-methods study. SETTING: Six countries of the WHO European Region. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: The questionnaire is based on lessons learnt in previous studies, and was developed in three sequential phases: (1) WHO Quality Measures were prioritised and content, construct and face validity were assessed through a Delphi involving a multidisciplinary board of experts from 11 countries of the WHO European Region; (2) translation/back translation of the English version was conducted following The Professional Society for Health Economics and Outcomes Research guidelines; (3) internal consistency, intrarater reliability and acceptability were assessed among 600 health workers in six countries. RESULTS: The questionnaire included 40 items based on WHO Standards Quality Measures, equally divided into four domains: provision of care, experience of care, availability of human and physical resources, organisational changes due to COVID-19; and its organised in six sections. It was translated/back translated in 12 languages: Bosnian, Croatian, French, German, Italian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Slovenian, Spanish and Swedish. The Cronbach's alpha values were ≥0.70 for each questionnaire section where questions were hypothesised to be interrelated, indicating good internal consistence. Cohen K or Gwet's AC1 values were ≥0.60, suggesting good intrarater reliability, except for one question. Acceptability was good with only 1.70% of health workers requesting minimal changes in question wording. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that the questionnaire has good content, construct, face validity, internal consistency, intrarater reliability and acceptability in six countries of the WHO European Region. Future studies may further explore the questionnaire's use in other countries, and how to translate evidence generated by this tool into policies to improve the QMNC. TRAIL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT04847336.publishersversionPeer reviewe

Exploring the Impact of COVID-19 on Ulcerative Colitis Patients : A Lifestyle Perspective

Publisher Copyright: © 2024 by the authors.Background and Objectives: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the new coronavirus that caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. Studies have increasingly reported the involvement of organs outside the respiratory system, including the gastrointestinal tract. Data on the association between COVID-19 and ulcerative colitis (UC) are lacking. Materials and Methods: In this one-centre cross-sectional study, 49 patients with UC from the Riga East Clinical University Hospital outpatient clinic were included from June 2021 to December 2021. The patients were divided into two groups according to their history of a confirmed positive or negative COVID-19 status. Data on their lifestyle, diet, and medications and the food supplements used by the patients were collected during interviews and analysed using the R 4.2.1 software. Results: Out of 49 patients, 33 (63.3%) were male and 13 (36.7%) were female, with a mean age of 32.33 ± 8.6 years. Fourteen patients (28.6%) had a confirmed COVID-19 infection in the last year. The most common COVID-19-related symptoms were a fever and rhinorrhoea. A third of patients followed the inflammatory bowel disease diet (16; 32.7%); out of these patients, 12 (34.3%) did not contract COVID-19 (OR: 0.78 (0.18; 2.98), p > 0.05). In the COVID-19-positive group, the majority of patients did not use vitamin D (11; 79% vs. 3; 21%, (OR: 0.38 (0.07; 1.51), p = 0.28) or probiotics (11; 78.6% vs. 3; 21.4%, OR: 1.33 (0.23; 6.28), p = 0.7). In the COVID-19-positive group, most patients did not smoke (12; 85.7% vs. 2; 14.3%, p = 0.475) and did not use alcohol (9; 64.3% vs. 5; 35.7%, OR: 0.63 (0.16; 2.57), p = 0.5). Most of the patients who participated in sports activities were COVID-negative (18; 51.4% vs. 6; 42.9%, p = 0.82). Conclusions: There were no statistically significant differences in the use of food supplements, probiotics, or vitamins; the lifestyle habits; or the COVID-19 status in patients with UC.Peer reviewe

Risk Factors that Determine Less Favourable Hospitalisation Course and Outcome in Patients with ESBL Producing Enterobacteriaceae Infection : Preliminary Results

Publisher Copyright: © 2016 by Vita Skuja. Copyright: Copyright 2016 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Hospitalisation course and outcome for patients with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae infection is less favourable due to extensive antibacterial resistance. This study was conducted to identify possible risk factors that could influence the hospitalisation course and outcome in these patients. The study protocol included demographic, clinical, hospitalisation, bacteriological and plasmid genetic data. The preliminary study results showed that hospitalisation course and outcome was less favourable for internal medicine profile patients with ESBL producing bacteria, TEM gene presence in the bacterial plasmid genome, patient age < 65 years and patients with infectious and musculoskeletal diseases. The study includes preliminary data only and further studies should be carried out to verify the suggested risk factors.publishersversionPeer reviewe

The Helicobacter pylori Genome Project : insights into H. pylori population structure from analysis of a worldwide collection of complete genomes

Helicobacter pylori, a dominant member of the gastric microbiota, shares co-evolutionary history with humans. This has led to the development of genetically distinct H. pylori subpopulations associated with the geographic origin of the host and with differential gastric disease risk. Here, we provide insights into H. pylori population structure as a part of the Helicobacter pylori Genome Project (HpGP), a multi-disciplinary initiative aimed at elucidating H. pylori pathogenesis and identifying new therapeutic targets. We collected 1011 well-characterized clinical strains from 50 countries and generated high-quality genome sequences. We analysed core genome diversity and population structure of the HpGP dataset and 255 worldwide reference genomes to outline the ancestral contribution to Eurasian, African, and American populations. We found evidence of substantial contribution of population hpNorthAsia and subpopulation hspUral in Northern European H. pylori. The genomes of H. pylori isolated from northern and southern Indigenous Americans differed in that bacteria isolated in northern Indigenous communities were more similar to North Asian H. pylori while the southern had higher relatedness to hpEastAsia. Notably, we also found a highly clonal yet geographically dispersed North American subpopulation, which is negative for the cag pathogenicity island, and present in 7% of sequenced US genomes. We expect the HpGP dataset and the corresponding strains to become a major asset for H. pylori genomics

Inventory right of inheritance law

Civillikums nosaka, ka no pienākuma atbildēt par mantojuma atstājēja parādiem ar savu paša mantu mantinieks var atsvabināties, ja viņš izlieto inventāra tiesību. Bakalaura darba mērķis: noskaidrot, kas ir inventāra tiesība, kādi problēmjautājumi ar to saistīti un kādi varētu būt iespējamie risinājumi. Pētījuma rezultātā autore secina, ka inventāra tiesības pielietošana praksē saistīta ar vairākiem problēmjautājumiem, kas skar inventāra tiesības izlietošanai paredzēto termiņu, inventāra saraksta sastādīšanas kārtību, kā arī inventāra sarakstā iekļaujamo mantu. Problēmjautājumu risināšanai autore izvirza dažādus priekšlikumus kā, piemēram, novērst pretrunas starp Civillikuma pantiem, lai nošķirtu inventāra tiesību no inventāra saraksta sastādīšanas, kā arī Notariāta likumā, Bāriņtiesu likumā un Tiesu izpildītāju likumā, lai nošķirtu inventāra sarakstu no mantojuma saraksta. Atslēgvārdi: mantojuma pieņemšana, inventāra tiesība, inventāra saraksts, zvērināts notārs, zvērināts tiesu izpildītājs, bāriņtiesa.The Civil Law of Latvia states that, if the heir wants to avoid from the responsibility with his own property of deceased’s liabilities, he has to use the inventory right. The aim of the Bachelor is to find out what is inventory right, what issues are related to it and what could be possible solutions. As a result of this research the author concludes, that number of issues exists in practical use of inventory right, related to inventory right usage term, preparation of an inventory and elements of inventory. To solve identified issues, author puts forward various proposals, such as prevention of contradictions between articles of Civil Law to distinguish inventory right of preparation of an inventory, prevention of contradictions between articles the Notariate Law and the Law on Bailiffs to distinguish inventory of the heritage list and other. Keywords: accepting an inheritance, inventory right, inventory, sworn notary, sworn bailiff, orphan’s court

Relationship between religiosity and depression among young adults

Pētījuma mērķis bija noskaidrot, vai parādīsies sakarība starp reliģiozitātes izteiktību un depresijas rādītājiem, kā arī izpētīt, vai parādīsies dzimumatšķirības depresijas un reliģiozitātes rādītājos, un pārbaudīt Centralitātes skalas Z-15 psihometriskos rādītājus. Kopumā pētījumā piedalījās 103 cilvēki, no tiem 70 sievietes un 33 vīrieši. Respondentu vecums bija no 19 līdz 24 gadiem, vidējais vecums bija M = 21,51. Pārsvarā respondenti bija studenti, un viņu konfesionālās piederības iedalījums ir sekojošs : 73,8% - katoļi, 14,6% - luterāņi, 3,9% - baptisti, 5,8% - pareizticīgie, 1,9% - vecticībnieki. Izmantotās metodes : Reliģiozitātes veida noteikšanai tika lietota Centralitātes skala Z-15, autors Stefans Hubers. Aptauja Latvijā nav adaptēta, pētījuma ietvaros notiek pirmreizējā adaptācija. Depresija tika mērīta ar BDI - II (Beka depresijas aptauja). Tāpat tika lūgts aizpildīt demogrāfisko datu aptauju (vecums, dzimums, konfesionālā piederība). Iegūtie rezultāti neapstiprināja sākotnēji izvirzītās hipotēzes, ka sievietes uzrādīs augstākus reliģiozitātes un depresijas rādītājus. Arī pētījuma jautājums netika apstiprināts – neparādījās saistība starp reliģiozitāti un depresijas rādītājiem. Ir nepieciešams turpināt pētījumus šajā jomā, lai labāk izprastu likumsakarības un meklētu cēloņus tām. Atslēgas vārdi : depresija, reliģiozitāte, jaunieši.The main aim of this study was to verify hyphoteses about whether there is a relationship between religiosity and depression and explore whether there will be gender diferences in religiosity and depresion indicators and to verify Centrality scale’s Z-15 psychometrtical indices. 103 people participated in research, women n = 70 and men n = 33, mostly students at age 19 – 24, M = 21.51. Participants religious denomination was 73,8% - catholic, 14,6% - lutheran, 3,9% - baptist, 5,8% - orthodox, 1,9% - old-believer. Instrument : In order to determine type of religiosity was used Centrality scale Z-15, author Stephan Huber. This questionary hasn’t been adapted in Lativa, so within this framework was performed first adaptation. Depresion was measured by Beck’s depression inventory (BDI-II). Also demographics questionnary was used (gender, age and denomination). Results didn’t confirmed initial hypothesis, that women will show higher religoisity and depression scores. Also issue of this study wasn’t confirmed – there eas no relationship between religiosity and depression. It is nessessity to continue research in this area in order to understand the regularity and background of this phenomena. Key words : depression, religosity, young adults

Interactions between Saldus and Brocenu Towns

Bakalaura darbā pētīta pilsētu mijiedarbība starp tik ģeogrāfiski tuvām pilsētām- Saldu un Brocēniem kopš 1992. gada, kad Brocēnu pilsēta ieguva pilsētas tiesības. Tā veicinājusi pilsētu straujāku attīstību, piemēram, pilsētas dzīvojamo māju būvniecību, dažādu kultūras un administratīvo centru izbūvi. Līdz ar to, rodas nepieciešamība saprast, kādi ir galvenie apstākļi, kas veicina abu pilsētu savstarpējās saites un mijiedarbību, kā arī, kā abas pilsētas viena otru ietekmē. Tādejādi autore par darba mērķi izvirzījusi caur vēsturisko skatījumu un pilsētu likumsakarībām atrast abu pilsētu kopējo mijiedarbību un pilsētu saites, pie kurām abas pilsētas ir attīstījušās un turpina attīstīties. Darba mērķa sasniegšanai autore izmanto ne tikai esošos rakstiskos un elektroniskos informācijas avotus, bet darba gaitā veic iedzīvotāju anketēšanu gan Saldus pilsētā, gan Brocēnos. Anketēšana sniedz ieskatu par vietējo iedzīvotāju viedokli saistībā ar pilsētas attīstību saistītiem jautājumiem, kā arī, atspoguļojas iedzīvotāju svārstmigrācija gan uz Saldus, gan Brocēnu pilsētām. Darbs atspoguļots sešās galvenajās nodaļās. Pirmajā un otrajā nodaļā tiek apskatīta teorētiskā bāze par pilsētām un to veidošanos, trešajā- izmantotie dati un metodes, savukārt, pārējās nodaļās tiek apskatīts Saldus un Brocēnu salīdzinājums, kopīgās saites. Darba nobeigumu veido sestā nodaļa, kurā tiek analizēts aptaujāto iedzīvotāju anketu izvērtējums. Bakalaura darba atslēgas vārdi: Saldus, Brocēni, pilsēta, mijiedarbība, kopīgās saites.In bachelor`s work interaction between Saldus and Broceni, two towns that are situated geographically close to each other, have been investigated for the period since 1992 when Broceni got the rights of the town. That has promoted faster development of the towns, for example, construction of dwelling houses, as well as building of cultural and administrative centres. Therefore it is neccessary to understand main circuumstances that promote mutual interaction and links between the towns, as well as how the towns implement each other. The author of the work have stated the target to find mutual interaction and common links between both towns how they have been developing through historical aspect and regularities. The author uses not only written and electronical information sources but also questionnaire of inhabitants in Saldus and Broceni. The questionnaire gives an insight into inhabitants` opinion about development issues of the towns, as well as reflects push –pull migration to Saldus and Broceni towns. The work consists of six main parts. In the first and second chapter there is theoretical basis about the towns and their foundation and development; in the third chapter –used data and methods. In the other parts there is given comparison of Saldus and Broceni, their common links. In the final part or the sixth chapter there is given an appraisal of the inhabitants` questinnaires. Key words: Saldus, Broceni, town, interaction, common links