Dynamics of erosion-accumulation processes along the stream bed of Turiya river (Kovel hydropost)

The article reflects the results of the study of deformations of the stream bed of the Turiya River (Kovel Hydropost, hydro range No. 5) during 1983–2018. For this purpose, multiple cross-sections of the channel and various combined flow curves were constructed and analyzed, the levels of water in the river, the relationships between the course of erosion-accumulation processes along the course and the dynamics of natural and anthropogenic factors are revealed. The information base of the study was the theoretical basis of the doctrine of channel processes, which are substantiated in the works of foreign and Ukrainian scientists, the materials of our own observations, data from the Volyn Center for Hydrology and Meteorology (hereinafter VCGM). In the process of solving the tasks, the methods of comparative analysis, synthesis, graphic, mathematical and statistical methods were applied; the system approach was applied. During the study it was established that during the specified time interval in the stream bed there was an alternation of erosion and accumulation processes, which was expressed by the alternation of periods of some erosion of the stream bed and its siltation. The transverse profiles of the Turiya stream bed indicate that during the period 1983–1988, mainly accumulative processes prevailed in the channel, and in the following period (1988–2008) they changed to erosion ones. In recent years, rechargeable processes have become dominant and the profile of the stream bed in 2018 has come closer to its stream bed in 1988. The flow and water level curves of Turiya confirm our conclusions about trends in erosion-accumulation processes along the stream bed. During the periods 1983–1988 and 1996–2000, the accumulation processes dominated, and at the interval of time from 1988 to 1996 and in 2000–2008 erosion processes dominated. The 2009, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2017 curves are in almost one field, which attests to the stability of the Turiya River over the last decade. The development of channel deformations depends, mainly, on the hydrological regime of the river. The dynamics of erosion-accumulation processes along the river Turiya is consistent with the long-term regime of its maximum runoff: in the 80-ies of the last century a significant fall in the values of maximum discharge (some decrease in annual precipitation, the influence of the Kovel reservoir) was observed, which led to their erosion. Compared to this time period, around the 1990s and during the 2000s, the values of maximum discharge increased slightly. As a consequence, the eroding ability of the watercourse during floods and freshets increased, which slightly increased the cross-sectional area of the channel. In the last four years, the values of maximum discharge have been significantly lower than normal, and as a result erosion processes have weakened. Reduction of the maximum discharge of the Turiya River, absence of runoff during the 2015–2018 boundary, dominance of accumulative processes in the channel leads to eutrophication of the watercourse, which, in turn, reduces its transport capacity and contributes to the further accumulation of solids. If this trend continues in the future, then the risks of flooding the Turiya floodplains in the event of heavy floods or freshets will increase

Динаміка морфологічних і біохімічних показників у крові білих мишей за дії препарату “Вітосепт”

The paper presents the results of the study of the drug toxicity “Vitosept” in its preclinical studies in intact white mice. It was found that according to the assessment of toxicological parameters of the studied biocidal product is low-toxic. Oral administration of even its highest concentrations (500 mg/l) did not show a pronounced toxic effect. During the action of the drug for 20 days no deviations in the clinical condition, behavioral reactions, reflex activity did not occur. It was found that most of the values that characterize the functional state of the hematopoietic and hepatobiliary systems, against the background of different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite, did not undergo significant changes compared with the control. The hemoglobin content in the blood of white mice in the experimental groups increased compared with the control in the first three experimental groups (concentration of GHN 100–300 mg/l). With increasing concentration of the drug, when administered intraperitoneally, there was a greater number of leukocytes in the blood of laboratory animals. At the same time, a probable increase in this indicator was found only in mice of the II experimental group when administered orally to animals of the lowest test concentration (100 mg/l). The concentration of total protein, urea and glucose in the blood of white mice under the action of “Vitosept” was similar in animals of the control and experimental groups. The revealed tendency to increase the activity of certain enzymes (LF, ALT, AST) was short-lived, and is obviously a compensatory response of animals to the xenobiotic effect of the drug. On the 20th day of the experiment, the studied white mice of the experimental groups were close to those in the control group.У роботі наведені результати вивчення токсичності препарату “Вітосепт” за його доклінічних досліджень на інтактних білих мишах. Встановлено, що за оцінкою токсикологічних параметрів досліджуваний біоцидний засіб є малотоксичним. Пероральне введення навіть найвищих його концентрацій (500 мг/л) не проявляло вираженого токсичного ефекту. За дії препарату впродовж 20-и діб жодних відхилень у клінічному стані, поведінкових реакціях, рефлекторній діяльності не виникало. З’ясовано, що більшість величин, які характеризують функціональний стан кровотворної і гепатобіліарної систем, на тлі дії різних концентрацій натрію гіпохлориту, не зазнавали вірогідних змін, порівняно з контролем. Вміст гемоглобіну у крові білих мишей дослідних груп вірогідно збільшувався, порівняно з контролем у перших трьох дослідних групах (концентрація ГХН 100-300 мг/л). За зростання концентрації препарату, при його внутрішньошлунковому введенні більшою була і у крові лабораторних тварин кількість лейкоцитів. При цьому вірогідне підвищення цього показника виявлено лише у мишей ІІ дослідної групи за перорального застосування тваринам найнижчої досліджуваної концентрації (100 мг/л). Концентрація загального білка, сечовини і глюкози в крові білих мишей за дії “Вітосепту” була подібною у тварин контрольної і досліних груп. Виявлена тенденція щодо зростання активності окремих ензимів (ЛФ, АлАТ, АсАТ) була короткотривалою і є, очевидно, компенсаторною реакцією організму тварин на ксенобіотичну дію препарату. На 20-у добу досліджувані показники білих мишей дослідних груп були наближеними до аналогічних в групі контролю

On the statistical mechanics of prion diseases

We simulate a two-dimensional, lattice based, protein-level statistical mechanical model for prion diseases (e.g., Mad Cow disease) with concommitant prion protein misfolding and aggregation. Our simulations lead us to the hypothesis that the observed broad incubation time distribution in epidemiological data reflect fluctuation dominated growth seeded by a few nanometer scale aggregates, while much narrower incubation time distributions for innoculated lab animals arise from statistical self averaging. We model `species barriers' to prion infection and assess a related treatment protocol.Comment: 5 Pages, 3 eps figures (submitted to Physical Review Letters

DYNAMICS OF EROSION-ACCUMULATION PROCESSES ALONG THE STREAM BED OF TURIYA RIVER (KOVEL HYDROPOST)

The article reflects the results of the study of deformations of the stream bed of the Turiya River (Kovel Hydropost, hydro range No. 5) during 1983–2018. For this purpose, multiple cross-sections of the channel and various combined flow curves were constructed and analyzed, the levels of water in the river, the relationships between the course of erosion-accumulation processes along the course and the dynamics of natural and anthropogenic factors are revealed. The information base of the study was the theoretical basis of the doctrine of channel processes, which are substantiated in the works of foreign and Ukrainian scientists, the materials of our own observations, data from the Volyn Center for Hydrology and Meteorology (hereinafter VCGM). In the process of solving the tasks, the methods of comparative analysis, synthesis, graphic, mathematical and statistical methods were applied; the system approach was applied. During the study it was established that during the specified time interval in the stream bed there was an alternation of erosion and accumulation processes, which was expressed by the alternation of periods of some erosion of the stream bed and its siltation. The transverse profiles of the Turiya stream bed indicate that during the period 1983–1988, mainly accumulative processes prevailed in the channel, and in the following period (1988–2008) they changed to erosion ones. In recent years, rechargeable processes have become dominant and the profile of the stream bed in 2018 has come closer to its stream bed in 1988. The flow and water level curves of Turiya confirm our conclusions about trends in erosion-accumulation processes along the stream bed. During the periods 1983–1988 and 1996–2000, the accumulation processes dominated, and at the interval of time from 1988 to 1996 and in 2000–2008 erosion processes dominated. The 2009, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2017 curves are in almost one field, which attests to the stability of the Turiya River over the last decade. The development of channel deformations depends, mainly, on the hydrological regime of the river. The dynamics of erosion-accumulation processes along the river Turiya is consistent with the long-term regime of its maximum runoff: in the 80-ies of the last century a significant fall in the values of maximum discharge (some decrease in annual precipitation, the influence of the Kovel reservoir) was observed, which led to their erosion. Compared to this time period, around the 1990s and during the 2000s, the values of maximum discharge increased slightly. As a consequence, the eroding ability of the watercourse during floods and freshets increased, which slightly increased the cross-sectional area of the channel. In the last four years, the values of maximum discharge have been significantly lower than normal, and as a result erosion processes have weakened. Reduction of the maximum discharge of the Turiya River, absence of runoff during the 2015–2018 boundary, dominance of accumulative processes in the channel leads to eutrophication of the watercourse, which, in turn, reduces its transport capacity and contributes to the further accumulation of solids. If this trend continues in the future, then the risks of flooding the Turiya floodplains in the event of heavy floods or freshets will increase

Антисептична активність препарату на основі натрію гіпохлориту за експериментальних та спонтанно інфікованих ран у тварин

Sodium hypochlorite is the active ingredient in the antiseptic “Vitosept”. The pharmacological activity of the newly created drug is due to Oxygen, which is released in the active state by the decomposition of unstable hydrochloric acid into hydrochloric acid. A study of the antiseptic effect of the drug Vitosept, conducted on a model of stencil wounds in laboratory rats, found that the speed of healing and reducing the area of skin damage in animals was not inferior to the effectiveness of the comparison drug “Dioxisol-Darnytsia”. According to the obtained results, the latter's use is more appropriate in the first phase of the wound process. In contrast, the use of “Vitosept” in the second and third phases provided acceleration of the formation of mature granulation tissue. In the experimental wounds, proliferative processes were accelerated, and connective tissue was formed with the appearance of a soft scar. The efficacy of Vitosept in the treatment of spontaneously infected wounds has been studied in dogs. For three days from the beginning of treatment in dogs, the general condition improved, body temperature decreased to 38.6 ± 0.3 °C, heart rate was 74 ± 0.6 beats/min, respiratory movements 16 ± 0.4. Positive changes were also observed in the study of wounds. Significant changes in the condition of the injuries were found on the 5th day from the start of treatment. During this period, the general condition of the animals returned to normal, body temperature, heart rate, and respiration was within physiological values. In the dogs of the experimental group, Vitosept showed a slowing of the inflammatory reaction, which was manifested by a decrease in swelling and a reduction in local temperature. The pain was still partially preserved. The amount of purulent exudate decreased significantly. The surfaces of the torn and torn wounds were covered with a small amount of exudate of liquid consistency with detritus impurities, the pH of the wound medium was 6.8 ± 0.1. The surface of the cut wounds was unevenly covered with bright red granulation tissue. At the final stage of healing, both concentric scarring and planar epithelialization were observed. In most cases, in animals of the experimental group, there was concentric scarring, which ended in the formation of a relatively small scar. And only large wounds are healed by planar epithelialization, i.e., the appearance of a wide epithelial rim. In the case of infected wounds in dogs, the drug “Vitosept” compared to animals in the control group normalized morphological and biochemical parameters of blood – erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, blood protein, and its fractions aminotransferase activity in serum. There was a normalization of the values of the leukogram, which indicated the rehabilitation processes in the whole body. As a result of studying the therapeutic efficacy of Vitosept, it was found that its topical application, on average, by 3–4 days accelerated the healing process with the formation of mature granulation tissues and epithelialization in dogs with infected wounds and provided asepsis and normalization of the studied indicators in the recovery process.Натрію гіпохлорит є діючою речовиною антисептичного засобу “Вітосепт”. Фармакологічна активність новоствореного препарату обумовлена Оксигеном, який виділяється в активному стані за розпаду нестійкої хлорнуватої кислоти на хлористоводневу. За дослідження антисептичної дії препарату Вітосепт, проведеного на моделі трафаретних ран у лабораторних щурів, з’ясовано, що він за швидкістю загоєння та зменшенням площі ушкодження шкіри у тварин не поступався ефективності препарату порівняння “Диоксизоль-Дарниця”. Відповідно до отриманих результатів застосування останнього є доцільнішим у першій фазі перебігу ранового процесу, тоді як використання Вітосепту у другій та третій фазах забезпечувало пришвидшення утворення зрілої грануляційної тканини. В експериментальних ранах прискорювались проліферативні процеси та формувалась сполучна тканина з утворенням м’якого рубця. З’ясування ефективності Вітосепту за лікування спонтанно інфікованих ран проведено на собаках. Встановлено, що уже на 3 добу від початку лікування у собак загальний стан покращувався, температура тіла знизилась до 38,6 ± 0,3 оС, пульс становив 74 ± 0,6 уд./хв, дихальні рухи 16 ± 0,4. Позитивні зміни відзначалися і при дослідженні ран. Суттєві зміни стану ран встановлені на 5 добу від початку лікування. На цей період загальний стан тварин нормалізувався, температура тіла, частота пульсу та дихання були в межах фізіологічних величин. У собак дослідної групи за дії Вітосепту встановлено сповільнення запальної реакції, що проявлялось зменшенням припухлості та зниженням місцевої температури. Болючість ще була частково збережена. Значно зменшилась кількість гнійного ексудату. Поверхні рвано-кусаних та рвано-забитих ран були покриті невеликою кількістю ексудату рідкої консистенції з домішками детриту, рН середовища ран 6,8 ± 0,1. Поверхня різаних ран була нерівномірно вкрита яскраво-червоною грануляційною тканиною. На завершальному етапі загоєння, спостерігалось як концентричне рубцювання, так і площинна епітелізація. У тварин дослідної групи у більшості випадків вираженим було концентричне рубцювання, що закінчувалось утворенням порівняно невеликого рубця. І тільки великі за площею рани загоювалися шляхом площинної епітелізації, тобто утворенням широкого епітеліального обідка. За умови інфікованих ран у собак, при застосуванні препарату “Вітосепт”, порівняно з тваринами контрольної групи, швидше нормалізувались морфологічні та біохімічні показники крові – кількість еритроцитів, вміст гемоглобіну крові, рівень загального білка і його фракцій та активність амінотрансфераз у сироватці крові. Наступала нормалізація величин показників лейкограми, що вказувало на реабілітаційні процеси в цілому організмі. В результаті вивчення терапевтичної ефективності препарату Вітосепт встановлено, що його місцеве застосування, в середньому на 3–4 доби пришвидшувало процес загоєння з утворенням зрілих грануляційних тканин та епітелізацією у собак із інфікованими ранами та забезпечувало асептичність його протікання та нормалізацію досліджуваних показників у процесі одужання

Disulfide-activated protein kinase G I alpha regulates cardiac diastolic relaxation and fine-tunes the Frank-Starling response

British Heart Foundation, European Research Council (ERC Advanced award), Medical Research Council and the Department of Health via the NIHR cBRC award to Guy’s & St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust. Part supported by the NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre

Increased Cardiovascular Reactivity to Acute Stress and Salt-Loading in Adult Male Offspring of Fat Fed Non-Obese Rats

Diet-induced obesity in rat pregnancy has been shown previously to be associated with consistently raised blood pressure in the offspring, attributed to sympathetic over-activation, but the relative contributions to this phenotype of maternal obesity versus raised dietary fat is unknown. Sprague-Dawley female rats were fed either a control (4.3% fat, n = 11) or lard-enriched (23.6% fat, n = 16) chow 10 days prior to mating, throughout pregnancy and lactation. In conscious adult (9-month-old) offspring cardiovascular parameters were measured (radiotelemetry). The short period of fat-feeding did not increase maternal weight versus controls and the baseline blood pressure was similar in offspring of fat fed dams (OF) and controls (OC). However, adult male OF showed heightened cardiovascular reactivity to acute restraint stress (p<0.01; Δ systolic blood pressure (SBP) and Δheart rate (HR)) with a prolonged recovery time compared to male OC. α1/β-adrenergic receptor blockade normalised the response. Also, after dietary salt-loading (8%-NaCl ad libitum for 1 week) male OF demonstrated higher SBP (p<0.05) in the awake phase (night-time) and increased low/high frequency ratio of power spectral density of HR variability versus OC. Baroreflex gain and basal power spectral density components of the heart rate or blood pressure were similar in male OF and OC. Minor abnormalities were evident in female OF. Fat feeding in the absence of maternal obesity in pregnant rats leads to altered sympathetic control of cardiovascular function in adult male offspring, and hypertension in response to stressor stimuli