Human skeletal muscle disuse atrophy: effects on muscle protein synthesis, breakdown and insulin resistance- a qualitative review

The ever increasing burden of an ageing population and pandemic of metabolic syndrome worldwide demands further understanding of the modifiable risk factors in reducing disability and morbidity associated with these conditions. Disuse skeletal muscle atrophy (sometimes referred to as “simple” atrophy) and insulin resistance are ‘non-pathological’ events resulting from sedentary behaviour and periods of enforced immobilization e.g. due to fractures or elective orthopaedic surgery. Yet, the processes and drivers regulating disuse atrophy and insulin resistance and the associated molecular events remain unclear – especially in humans. The aim of this review is to present current knowledge of relationships between muscle protein turnover, insulin resistance and muscle atrophy during disuse, principally in humans. Immobilisation lowers fasted state muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and induces fed-state ‘anabolic resistance’. While a lack of dynamic measurements of muscle protein breakdown (MPB) precludes defining a definitive role for MPB in disuse atrophy, some proteolytic “marker” studies (e.g. MPB genes) suggest a potential early elevation. Immobilisation also induces muscle insulin resistance (IR). Moreover, the trajectory of muscle atrophy appears to be accelerated in persistent IR states (e.g. Type II diabetes), suggesting IR may contribute to muscle disuse atrophy under these conditions. Nonetheless, the role of differences in insulin sensitivity across distinct muscle groups and its effects on rates of atrophy remains unclear. Multifaceted time-course studies into the collective role of insulin resistance and muscle protein turnover in the setting of disuse muscle atrophy, in humans, are needed to facilitate the development of appropriate countermeasures and efficacious rehabilitation protocol

Hot tub lung: an intriguing diffuse parenchymal lung disease

In pulmonary medicine, identical pathogenesis due to varied etiological agents can present with indistinguishable clinical presentation, and produce similar laboratory and radiological changes. The importance of eliciting detailed occupational and social history from patients cannot be stressed enough when dealing with patients suffering from diffuse parenchymal lung diseases. Hot Tub Lung(HTL) is a perplexing pulmonary disease attributed to the Mycobacterium Avium-intracellulare Complex (MAC). MAC is a ubiquitous atypical mycobacterium present in moist environment, and is not considered pathogenic, without the predisposing conditions like immunosuppression. However, HTL is a unique disease seen inhealthy individuals following the exposure to contaminated hot water in spas. The less virulent MAC will, in healthy individual will elicit mild granulomatous inflammation particularly around the peribronchiolar region, which leads to the development of diffuse parenchymal lung. We report a case of HTL to increase the awareness of this rare andenigmatic disease among medical professionals, and to reiterate the importance of eliciting social and occupational details in clinical practice.Keywords: Hot Tube Lung, Atypical Mycobacterium, Mycobacterium Avium-intracellulare Complex (MAC), Hypersensitivity Pneumoniti

Cyber-Coolies and Techno-Braceros: Race and Commodification of Indian Information Technology Guest Workers in the United States

This Essay examines how guest worker programs in the United States have pushed non-white workers into commodity status, further disempowering them, while simultaneously benefiting capital

Nesprin-2 Giant at the nuclear envelope with roles in cell differentiation, proliferation and chromatin association

Nesprin-2 is one of the Giant proteins in mammalian cells. It localizes at the ONM through the interaction with SUN domain proteins and performs diverse functions within the cells including maintenance of nuclear morphology, bridging between nucleoplasm and cytoplasm, cell migration and polarity, and regulation of extracellular signalling. There is evidence for roles in clinical disorders as well. Using a Nesprin-2 Giant knockout mouse model we showed here that the protein participates in vivo in cell migration and tissue repair during wound healing. In the wound healing situation, Nesprin-2 Giant regulates cell proliferation and differentiation as Nesprin-2 KO wounds caused the reduction in keratinocyte proliferation. Nesprin-2 KO mice also showed higher influx of inflammatory cells, mainly macrophages, indicating the protein’s importance in the controlled expression of inflammatory cells. In Nesprin-2 KO mice reduced expression of cell proliferation related transcription factors c-Fos, PPA

Management of Class II div I malocclusion-A case report

Aim & Objectives of the present case report was to evaluate the management of Class II div I malocclusion in adolescent patient with extraction of premolars. Clinical & cephalometric evaluation revealed Class II div I dental pattern on Class I Skeletal relation with sever maxillary incisor proclination, convex profile, average mandibular plane angle, Protruded lower lips, incompetent lips, increased overjet & overbite, over retained upper right deciduous 2nd molar. The case was successfully managed initially by expansion of upper arch simultaneously while facilitating eruption of unerrupted right maxillary 2nd premolar by extraction of over retained upper right deciduos 2nd molar. Later extraction of all first Premolars & fixed appliance therapy using MBT mechanics Keywords: Class II div I malocclusion, Premolar extraction

A prospective study of maternal and fetal outcome in repeat LSCS mother

Background: Cesarean section is one of the most commonly performed abdominal operations on women in most countries. The incidence of primary LSCS is increasing all over the world, Consequently, there is a rise in multiple repeat LSCS with associated complications. Previous LSCS is a common indication for repeat LSCS. Primarily, authors aim at studying the influence of repeat LSCS on maternal and fetal outcome in a tertiary centre.Methods: All mothers with one previous LSCS admitted for emergency/elective LSCS at term gestation with singleton pregnancy in A.J. Institute of Medical Sciences and Research centre, Mangalore were recruited in the study from July to December 2018. Detailed history with antenatal risk factors were noted. Intraoperative and postoperative events were noted. Neonatal outcome was also noted correlated.Results: Majority of patients (58%) were in age group of 20-24years. Most of them were between 38 to 39 weeks of gestation. Most common intraoperative complication was bladder adhesion (18% of cases). In postoperative period febrile morbidity (7%) was common followed by urinary tract infection (2%). Most of the neonates (80%) weighed 2.5 to 3kg at birth. The incidence of poor APGAR respiratory distress, NICU admission was not significantly increased. There were 5 morbidly adherent placenta, 1 scar rupture, 4 scar dehiscence, no maternal or perinatal death.Conclusions: Previous caesarean is the most common cause of repeat caesarean and is associated with maternal morbidity. Measures should be taken to reduce primary caesarean sections which indirectly reduces the incidence of repeat cesarean sections

A Programmable System on Chip (PSOC) for Active Power Filter (APF) Based on Cortex M3

The proper power distribution is more important in present days as the power demand is increasing rapidly. The parameters like reactive power and the harmonic current poses some serious problems like transformer heating, machine vibration and line losses. There is various control techniques has been adopted in recent past to overcome the above issues. The Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) based control algorithm gives the high response as it divides both the reactive power and harmonic components. The drawback of SRF based control algorithm is that it needs proper synchronization of input current with utility voltage. The synchronization can be achieved by using the microcontroller or digital signal processing (DSP) but face fundamental challenges like high computational time, less accuracy, limited sampling time etc. This paper gives a novel PSoC by using the FPGA board, Cortex M3 board, and analog-to-digital converter (ADC), digital to analog converter (DAC) boards. In this, the existing Cypress 1/3/5 PSoC board is discussed. In order to perform the simulation over the proposed PSoC we have used the modelsim-6f and Xilinx 14.7 platforms. Also, the cathode-ray oscilloscope (CRO) is used to observe the output signals. &nbsp

Isolation, identification, and antifungal susceptibility of dermatophytes from patients in a tertiary care hospital

Background: Fungal infections affecting the body's surface are common in tropical and subtropical climates worldwide. Many antifungal medicines can treat the illness, although the dermatophytes that respond vary by time and site. The study aimed to isolate, identify and analyse the antifungal susceptibility patterns of dermatophytes obtained from patients visiting the dermatology department of a tertiary care hospital. Methods: This 3-month trial included 200 clinically diagnosed individuals with skin and nail dermatophytosis from a tertiary care hospital's Dermatology outpatient clinic. They consulted the Department of Microbiology to isolate, cultivate and test for fungal sensitivity. Results: Results show that persons aged 21-30 were most profoundly affected. Tinea corporis was the most common clinical symptom at 49.5%, followed by tinea cruris at 24.5%. The most common dermatophytes were Trichophyton species (82.4%). About 67.6% of our isolates had MICs (>1 μg/ml) for fluconazole, regardless of species. The MIC of luliconazole and amorolfine hydrochloride was<0.004 μg/ml for all dermatophytes isolates, while other antifungals had MICs of ≥0.25 μg/ml. The narrowest MIC range was for luliconazole and amorolfine hydrochloride (0.002-0.128 μg/ml), whereas fluconazole and itraconazole had the greatest range (0.125-64 and 0.0321-16) respectively. Conclusions: The study found that luliconazole and amorolfine hydrochloride were the most effective medications against all dermatophytes isolates, followed by itraconazole and fluconazole. Some of our isolates have greater and wider MIC values for itraconazole and fluconazole, which may increase resistance

Parallelism in web services: design of parallel XML parser for web services

A WS provides the communication between heterogeneous systems. While performing this operation, we need to focus on QoS of consumer, provider and registry directory. There will be some parameters like WS selection, prediction and rank these are parameters need to consider while QoS implementation in web services. While performing integration in web services we need to focus on QoS requirements regarding server and network performance. Performance of WS is related to locations i.e the network distance and the Internet connections between consumer and provider. There will be more QoS approach which works on consumers collected QoS data, based on this data system can predict the QoS of WS. Throughput and response time are the QoS of WS. In this paper, we have proposed parallel XML parser, by which we can parse UDDI, WSDL and SOAP XML files parallel by which it will improve the response time and throughput of WS

Analysis of chattering in step down converter via sliding mode reaching law

The reaching law approach is broadly used for chattering repression, minimization of steady state error and reaching pace kept minimsed. The reasons of chattering, in this paper proposes sliding mode reaching law. In one hand, they assurance the scheme arrives at the sliding face swiftly and stay on it, in another way they deteriorate the chattering inefficiently, even matchless certainties and disturbances. This proposed reaching law gives uniqueness of the response. The reaching law is compared with Gao’s reaching law. Sliding mode reaching laws gives the efficacy in reducing the chattering of the variable structure control (VSC). This reaching law also reduces the losses in the switching diplomacy. In turns efficiency of the step-down converter increases. Simulation results give significant decrease of chattering and extremely fewer receptive in supply and load variation