Students\u27 perceptions of classroom justice and their use of politeness strategies

The purpose of this study was to investigate how students\u27 use of politeness strategies differed based on their perceptions of distributive, procedural, and interactional justice when they engaged in a face threatening act (FTA) with their instructors. Participants included 76 undergraduate students enrolled in undergraduate communication courses at a large mid-Atlantic university during the summer. Results revealed that students engage in all types of politeness strategies when speaking with their instructor, with students reporting the bald-on-record strategy the most frequently. However, students\u27 use of politeness strategies did not significantly differ based on their perceptions of distributive, procedural, and interactional justice. Implications, limitations, and future research are discussed

Host‐Pathogen Interactions Mediating Pain of Urinary Tract Infection

Interior, ribbed vaults spring from top of arch; Toulouse's ecclesiastical buildings suffered the most damage during the French Revolution from 1789, indicating its religious importance under the ancien régime. Alexandre-Louis-Charles-André Du Mège was instrumental in saving medieval sculpture from various buildings that became the basis of the Musée des Augustins, the convent itself being relatively undamaged. On 27th August 1795, the Augustine convent became the Muséum Provisoire du Midi de la République and solemnly opened its doors to the public. The collection consisted of works confiscated during the revolution. The ensemble of these works is presented in the sumptuous setting of the church and the chapter houses of the old convent. They are also displayed in a wing specially built at the end of the 19th century by Denis Darcy, based on the drawings of the architect Viollet-Le-Duc. Source: Musée des Augustins [website]; http://www.augustins.org/en (accessed 5/16/2011

<i>E. coli</i> 83972 attenuates NU14 bacteriuria.

<p>A) Experimental scheme for assessing efficacy of a single administration of ASB therapy relative to 3-day course of ciprofloxacin (n = 5 for all groups). B) Mice infected with NU14 exhibited a significant decrease in NU14 bacteriuria 24 hours after initiation of ciprofloxacin (group C, back triangles, PID2, 4, 10), relative to saline-treated mice (group S, white triangles, *P<0.05). A single instillation of 83972 (group ASB, grey inverted triangles) also resulted in a significant decrease in NU14 bacteriuria after 24 hours (PID2, 4, 10, *P<0.05). C) Urinary 83972 for all three groups during the experiment. D and E) Bladder colonization on PID20 was not significantly different between the groups tested. Dashed lines represent limits of detection.</p

ASB strains differentially attenuate UTI visceral pain.

<p>Modulation of UTI visceral pain by a panel of 16 ASB <i>E. coli</i> strains. A) Mice were infected with NU14 and then instilled with saline or ASB <i>E. coli</i> at PID1, and allodynia was quantified through PID7 (n = 6 for all groups). For clarity, timecourses of allodynia for all 17 conditions were divided among 3 panels. All 16 ASB strains attenuated NU14-induced pelvic pain compared to the saline treated group. B) The relative analgesic activity of ASB strains was arbitrary grouped according to the magnitude of analgesia: strains with analgesic relative to saline but increased allodynia from PID1 (black bars), those that exhibited no increase in allodynia from PID1 to less than 75% reduction in visceral pain from PID1 (white bars), and those that exhibited greater than 75% reduction (gray bars). C) Representative ASB strains from each group in (B) were used in serial infections at two-week intervals. Serial infection did not induce allodynia. Data are reported as the mean ± SEM.</p

ASB <i>E. coli</i> isolate 2–12 rapidly attenuates UTI visceral pain of diverse uropathogens.

<p>A) Allodynia was quantified daily in groups of sham– or NU14-infected mice that were then treated at PID1 with saline, a three-day course of ciprofloxacin, or a single dose of intravesical or intravaginal 2–12 as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109321#pone-0109321-g002" target="_blank">Figure 2A</a> (n = 8 in all groups except the 2–12 intravaginal group where n = 6). NU14-infected mice exhibited a significant decrease in pelvic pain 24 hours following treatment with 2–12 via the bladder or vaginal introitus (P<0.05). Allodynia was quantified in mice infected via transureathral catheter with <i>Proteus mirabilis</i> (PM1), <i>Enterocccus faecalis</i> (EF1) and <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> (KP1) and then treated with a three-day course of ciprofloxacin initiated at PID1 or a single intravesical dose of 2–12 (n = 5). B) PM1 induced pelvic allodynia that was significantly attenuated on PID3 and PID4 by 2–12 treatment, relative to the ciprofloxacin or saline groups (P<0.05). C) EF1 induced allodynia that was significantly attenuated on PID2-PID4 by 2–12 treatment, relative to ciprofloxacin or saline groups (P<0.05). Allodynia was also significantly reduced on PID5–6 compared to the saline group (P<0.05). D) KP1 induced allodynia that was significantly attenuated on PID2 by 2–12 treatment, relative to ciprofloxacin or saline groups (P<0.05).</p

<i>E. coli</i> 83972 attenuates NU14-induced bacteriuria and pelvic pain.

<p>A) Referred visceral hyperalgesia was measured as responses to mechanical stimulation of the pelvic region with von Frey filaments of 5 intensities. Responses were quantified at baseline, PID1 following NU14 infection, and 24 hours following of saline (n = 5) or 83972 (n = 10) instillation (PID2). B) NU14-infected mice exhibited a significant decrease in allodynia 24 hours following 83972 instillation. C) Percent increase in allodynia from PID1 was 146.2% in saline-treated mice, but decreased by over 68.9% in 83972-treated mice (P<0.01). D) Mice treated with 83972 exhibited a significantly less NU14 bacteriuria compared to saline-treated mice (P<0.01). Dashed line represents limit of detection. E) At PID1, NU14-infected mice were instilled with saline into the bladder or 2% lidocaine in the bladder, vaginal introitus or colon. Allodynia was significantly reduced at 1 h after lidocaine into any compartment, relative to bladder saline (*P<0.05; n = 9 saline, n = 10 bladder lidocaine, n = 11 colon lidocaine, n = 12 vaginal lidocaine). F) NU14-infected mice exhibited increased allodynia 24 hours after bladder instillation of saline, relative to PID1 (n = 10). Allodynia was significantly decreased at 24 hours following 83972 instillation into the bladder, colon or vaginal introitus (*P<0.05, n = 10 all groups). Data are reported as the mean ± SEM (A–C, E & F).</p