Water supply and demand forecasting in the Zayandeh Rud Basin, Iran

Water demandWater supplyForecastingWater useRiver basinsReservoirsIranZayandeh Rud BasinChadegan Reservoir

Water management for sustainable irrigated agriculture in the Zayandeh Rud Basin, Esfahan Province, Iran

Irrigation systemsCropping systemsIrrigated farmingRiver basinsTopographyGeomorphologyClimateHydrologyWater qualityGroundwaterSoil salinitySustainable agricultureIranEsfahan ProvinceZayandeh Rud BasinChadegan Reservoir

Groundwater chemistry of the Lenjanat District, Esfahan Province, Iran

Groundwater / Surface water / Water quality / Wells / River Basins / Iran / Esfahan Province / Lenjanat District / Zayandeh Rud Basin / Chadegan Dam / Zagros Mountains

An overview of the hydrology of the Zayandeh Rud Basin

River basins / Hydrology / Water use / Reservoirs / Water balance / Climate / Irrigation systems / Iran / Esfahan Province / Zayandeh Rud Basin / Chadegan Reservoir

Robbing Yadullah’s water to irrigate Saeid’s garden: hydrology and water rights in a village of Central Iran

Water allocation / Water rights / Irrigation management / Drought / Wells / Dams / Canals / Legal aspects / Villages / Iran / Zayandeh Rud Basin / Jalalabad / Najafabad

Genetic diversity of Mahisefid (Rutilus frisii kutum Kamensky 1901) in different rivers of the south Caspian Sea using PCR-RFLP

Mahisefid is the most popular fish in Iran with the highest economic value. The analysis of mitochondrial DNA has been extensively used as a marker for population genetic studies and is a powerful tool in studies of gene flow and evolutionary biology. Two hundred ninety four samples were collected from Sefid Rud River (100), Lamir River (98), Shir Rud River (48) and Tajan River (48) during spawning season. Out of 24 enzymes tested, four enzymes, namely TasI, HaeIII, HinfI and HincII were selected for this study. In the present study, the haplotype and nucleotide diversity of Mahisefid in four important rivers where fingerlings are produced, were carried out by using PCR-RFLP at mtDNA ND5/6 region. A total of 20 haplotypes were studied so that AAAA and BAAA haplotypes had the most frequency. The average haplotype frequency of AAAA and BAAA haplotypes were 29.93% and 27.55%, respectively. The maximum nucleotide diversity was 0.94%, the minimum was 0.80% and the average was 0.88%. Divergence between Lamir and Sefid Rud River and Shir Rud was 0.2% and between Lamir and Tajan, and Shir Rud River it was 0.1%. The average evolutionary distance was 0.015. The maximum evolutionary distance was 0.294 between ADAA and AAAB, ABAB and BDBA, BBAA and AABB. The average number of bases surveyed was 121.2 and the average number of fragments was 30.30. The study suggests that there was a low genetic variability in four populations of Mahisefid in the south of Caspian Sea. Mahisefid population can be divided into two main clusters, the first clade consists of Shir Rud River and Lamir River populations and the second clade consists of Tajan River and Sefid Rud River populations. The clustering of Mahisefid populations was not in accordance with their geographical areas or river systems

\u3ci\u3eEchinococcus\u3c/i\u3e from Dogs in Pretoria and Vicinity

Discusses the discovery of Echinococcus granulosus (Batsch, 1786), Rud., 1805; Echinococcus cameroni n. sp. syn. E. granulosus of Cameron, 1926, from Vulpes vulpes; not E. granulosus (Batsch) Rud. 1805; and Echinococcus lycaontis sp. n. from stray dogs in Pretori, South Africa

The effect of planar constraint on the definition of the wrist axes of rotation

Instantaneous helical axes (IHAs) and screw displacement axes (SDAs) are commonly used to investigate joint functional axes of rotation. In the wrist, these have often been obtained through in vitro motion analysis. These definitions are then employed for in vivo applications, such as the design of implants or the development of musculoskeletal models. However, functional unguided joint motions are, by definition, affected by the activity of muscles. Previously published data has disagreed on the relative position and orientation of the two primary axes of rotation of the wrist, i.e. the radioulnar deviation (RUD) axes with respect to the flexion-extension (FE) axis. An in vivo study comparing the FE and RUD IHAs and SDAs of guided motions, to replicate in vitro conditions, and unguided motions of 23 healthy participants was conducted using optical motion capture. Guided motions were performed with the hand and forearm flush against a flat surface. The relative position and orientation of the RUD SDAs with respect to the FE SDAs differed (p = 0.019, p = 0.001) between unguided FE and guided RUD (0.1 ± 4.3 mm, 93.5 ±16.0°) and guided FE and RUD (1.6 ± 4.0 mm, 107.8 ±17.7°). This indicates that the use of different constraints, and not physiological differences, is the cause for differences in the relative positions and orientations of the FE and RUD axes in the literature. Thus, the practice of using in vitro definitions of the axes of rotation of the wrist for in vivo applications, especially involving FE, may be inappropriate and care must be taken to account for any constraint on wrist motion. It is recommended that investigators define the axes of rotation specifically for their study or refer to literature featuring the desired levels of constraint

Wrist tendon moment arms: Quantification by imaging and experimental techniques

Subject-specific musculoskeletal models require accurate values of muscle moment arms. The aim of this study was to compare moment arms of wrist tendons obtained from non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to those obtained from an in vitro experimental approach. MRI was performed on ten upper limb cadaveric specimens to obtain the centrelines for the flexor carpi radialis (FCR), flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU), extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL), extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB), extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU), and abductor pollicis longus (APL) tendons. From these, the anatomical moment arms about each of the flexion-extension (FE) and radioulnar deviation (RUD) axes of the wrist were calculated. Specimens were mounted on a physiologic wrist simulator to obtain functional measurements of the moment arms using the tendon excursion method. No differences were observed between anatomical and functional values of the FE and RUD moment arms of FCR, ECRL and ECRB, and the RUD moment arm of ECU (p>0.075). Scaling the anatomical moment arms relative to ECRB in FE and ECU in RUD reduced differences in the FE moment arm of FCU and the RUD moment arm of APL to less than 15% (p>0.139). However, differences persisted in moment arms of FCU in RUD, and ECU and APL in FE (p<0.008). This study shows that while measurements of moment arms of wrist tendons using imaging do not always conform to values obtained using in vitro experimental approaches, a stricter protocol could result in the acquisition of subject-specific moment arms to personalise musculoskeletal models