Publicidad dirigida a menores como colectivo vulnerable

El presente trabajo aborda desde los conceptos más importantes en relación con la publicidad dirigida a menores hasta la protección que estos mismos perciben frente a ella, deteniéndonos también en la relevancia que tienen los tiempos (o en su evolución histórica) y en los cambios sociales y culturales. Para tratar este tema, es necesario realizar un recorrido por todos aquellos medios de comunicación que por sus características o modalidades permiten la reproducción de programas infantiles o anuncios publicitarios (ya sean visuales, sonoros o de cualquier otra índole), más aún percatándonos en aquellos cuyo público principal son los menores de edad. Con esto nos referimos principalmente a la radio (con más peso en tiempos pasados que en la actualidad), a la televisión, pero sobre todo, al “gigante y arrasador” Internet. Todas estas cuestiones vendrán acompañadas por la legislación y las normas (tanto nacionales como europeas) encargadas de su regulación y protección, haciendo más hincapié en aquellas materias que son de más agrado o más susceptibles de recibir atención por parte del menor, como pueden ser los juguetes, los alimentos o los videojuegos. Finalmente, se analizará, aunque menos detalladamente, cómo ha ido evolucionando la presencia de los menores en la publicidad y su regulación en torno a este campo.Grado en Derech

2020ko Gizarte Ekonomiari buruzko argitalpenak

2020ko Gizarte Ekonomiari buruzko argitalpena

2021eko euskal gizarte ekonomiari buruzko argitalpenak

2021eko GIZARTE EKONOMIARI BURUZKO ARGITALPENA

The Role of lncRNAs in Gene Expression Regulation through mRNA Stabilization

mRNA stability influences gene expression and translation in almost all living organisms, and the levels of mRNA molecules in the cell are determined by a balance between production and decay. Maintaining an accurate balance is crucial for the correct function of a wide variety of biological processes and to maintain an appropriate cellular homeostasis. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to participate in the regulation of gene expression through different molecular mechanisms, including mRNA stabilization. In this review we provide an overview on the molecular mechanisms by which lncRNAs modulate mRNA stability and decay. We focus on how lncRNAs interact with RNA binding proteins and microRNAs to avoid mRNA degradation, and also on how lncRNAs modulate epitranscriptomic marks that directly impact on mRNA stability.LncRNA work in author’s laboratory is supported by European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes (EFSD)-EFSD/JDRF/Lilly Programme on Type 1 Diabetes Research and the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (PID2019-104475GA-I00) to I.S; and Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (SAF2017-91873-EXP and PGC2018-097573-A-I00) to ACR. M.S.D. and I.G.M. are supported by a Predoctoral Fellowship Grant from the UPV/EHU (Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea) and A.O.G. is supported by a Predoctoral Fellowship Grant from the Education Department of Basque Government

Unha ollada desde os feminismos críticos ás políticas exteriores feministas de Suecia, Canadá, Francia, México e España

Este artigo analiza o contexto da aparición da narrativa de “política exterior feminista” e as principais características das estratexias adoptadas por Suecia, Canadá, Francia, México e España para reflexionar sobre a súa novidade (ou non). Baseándose nas achegas dos estudos feministas críticos en Relacións Internacionais en relación coa axenda internacional de xénero, preséntanse algúns dos elementos positivos e, sobre todo, os máis problemáticos desta narrativa, para finalmente suxerir como unha “política exterior feminista realmente nova”

Implication of m6A mRNA Methylation in Susceptibility to Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract that develops due to the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. More than 160 loci have been associated with IBD, but the functional implication of many of the associated genes remains unclear. N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant internal modification in mRNA. m6A methylation regulates many aspects of mRNA metabolism, playing important roles in the development of several pathologies. Interestingly, SNPs located near or within m6A motifs have been proposed as possible contributors to disease pathogenesis. We hypothesized that certain IBD-associated SNPs could regulate the function of genes involved in IBD development via m6A-dependent mechanisms. We used online available GWAS, m6A and transcriptome data to find differentially expressed genes that harbored m6A-SNPs associated with IBD. Our analysis resulted in five candidate genes corresponding to two of the major IBD subtypes: UBE2L3 and SLC22A4 for Crohn’s Disease and TCF19, C6orf47 and SNAPC4 for Ulcerative Colitis. Further analysis using in silico predictions and co-expression analyses in combination with in vitro functional studies showed that our candidate genes seem to be regulated by m6A-dependent mechanisms. These findings provide the first indication of the implication of RNA methylation events in IBD pathogenesis.This work was supported by Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (grant PGC2018-097573-A-I00) to A.C.-R. I.S. was funded by research project grant 2015111068 of the Basque Department of Health and a Research Grant from the European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes. M.S.-d. and I.G.-M. are predoctoral fellows funded by grants from the University of Basque Country and A.O.-G. is a predoctoral fellow funded by Basque Department of Education, Universities and Research

Implication of m6A mRNA Methylation in Susceptibility to Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract that develops due to the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. More than 160 loci have been associated with IBD, but the functional implication of many of the associated genes remains unclear. N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant internal modification in mRNA. m6A methylation regulates many aspects of mRNA metabolism, playing important roles in the development of several pathologies. Interestingly, SNPs located near or within m6A motifs have been proposed as possible contributors to disease pathogenesis. We hypothesized that certain IBD-associated SNPs could regulate the function of genes involved in IBD development via m6A-dependent mechanisms. We used online available GWAS, m6A and transcriptome data to find differentially expressed genes that harbored m6A-SNPs associated with IBD. Our analysis resulted in five candidate genes corresponding to two of the major IBD subtypes: UBE2L3 and SLC22A4 for Crohn’s Disease and TCF19, C6orf47 and SNAPC4 for Ulcerative Colitis. Further analysis using in silico predictions and co-expression analyses in combination with in vitro functional studies showed that our candidate genes seem to be regulated by m6A-dependent mechanisms. These findings provide the first indication of the implication of RNA methylation events in IBD pathogenesis.This work was supported by Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (grant PGC2018-097573-A-I00) to A.C.-R. I.S. was funded by research project grant 2015111068 of the Basque Department of Health and a Research Grant from the European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes. M.S.-d. and I.G.-M. are predoctoral fellows funded by grants from the University of Basque Country and A.O.-G. is a predoctoral fellow funded by Basque Department of Education, Universities and Research

Retos de la seguridad en caso de incendio de levantes en edificios de vivienda existentes

Floor additions in existing housing blocks have been an extended practice in Europe since the middle of the 20th century. The urban developments in the city expansions, occupied by housing blocks in the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th, find in the additions an opportunity, both to cover the renovation costs and to limit urban sprawl. However, the works to carry them up, face developers, designers and code officials with many challenges, being fire safety (FS) one of the most confusing. Prescriptive Fire Safety Codes are intended for new buildings, and their use in existing ones may have unpredictable results, even making hopeless some interventions. This paper analyses the problematic that the application of the Spanish FS prescriptive regulation generates in floors additions, proposing performance-based solutions that do not diminish the required safety level.La adición de pisos(levantes) en edificios existentes de viviendas ha sido una práctica habitual en Europa desde mediados del siglo XX. Los desarrollos urbanos en los ensanches, ocupados por bloques de viviendas en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y en la primera del XX, encuentran en los levantes una oportunidad para cubrir los costes de renovación y para limitar la dispersión urbana. Sin embargo, las obras para llevarlos a cabo enfrentan a promotores, diseñadores y reguladores a muchos retos, constituyendo la seguridad de incendio (SCI) uno de los más confusos. Los Códigos prescriptivos de SCI están redactados para edificios nuevos y su uso en edificios existentes puede tener resultados impredecibles, llegando incluso a imposibilitar determinadas intervenciones. Este artículo analiza la problemática que la aplicación de la regulación prescriptiva española de SCI genera en los levantes, proponiendo soluciones basadas en prestaciones que no disminuyan el nivel de seguridad requerido

Prevalence and Distribution of High-Risk Genotypes of HPV in Women with Severe Cervical Lesions in Madrid, Spain: Importance of Detecting Genotype 16 and Other High-Risk Genotypes

Background. Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) has been demonstrated to be the necessary causal factor for developing cervical cancer. To know the most prevalent HR-HPV in different geographical areas is important to design diagnostic tests and implementation of vaccines. Objectives. The goal of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of HR-HPV in a total of 1001 patients, 198 with normal cytology results, 498 with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), and 205 with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) who attended our gynaecology department for opportunistic screening of HPV infection. Study design. Cervical samples were taken in a PreservCyt vial (Cytyc Corporation, Boxborough, MA). Hybrid capture assay was carried out following the manufacturer's instructions (Digene Corp., Gaithersburg, MD). All samples were further studied with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test, Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). Results. Genotype 16 was the most prevalent HR-HPV in the three groups, 17.8% in the patients with normal cytology results, 22.3% in the LSIL group, and 60% in the HSIL group. Genotype 18 had a very low prevalence in all groups. Other HR-HPV genotypes such as genotype 31, genotype 58 and genotype 52 were found in significant numbers in HSIL patients. Discussion. Our data show that genotypes 16, 31, 58, and 52 are the most prevalent HR-HPV in cervical samples with severe intraepithelial lesion in Spain. There may be some geographical variation in prevalence of carcinogenic types, and it must be considered for designing diagnostic tests and vaccine

Prevalence and Distribution of High-Risk Genotypes of HPV in Women with Severe Cervical Lesions in Madrid, Spain: Importance of Detecting Genotype 16 and Other High-Risk Genotypes

Background. Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) has been demonstrated to be the necessary causal factor for developing cervical cancer. To know the most prevalent HR-HPV in different geographical areas is important to design diagnostic tests and implementation of vaccines. Objectives. The goal of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of HR-HPV in a total of 1001 patients, 198 with normal cytology results, 498 with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), and 205 with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) who attended our gynaecology department for opportunistic screening of HPV infection. Study design. Cervical samples were taken in a PreservCyt vial (Cytyc Corporation, Boxborough, MA). Hybrid capture assay was carried out following the manufacturer's instructions (Digene Corp., Gaithersburg, MD). All samples were further studied with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test, Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). Results. Genotype 16 was the most prevalent HR-HPV in the three groups, 17.8% in the patients with normal cytology results, 22.3% in the LSIL group, and 60% in the HSIL group. Genotype 18 had a very low prevalence in all groups. Other HR-HPV genotypes such as genotype 31, genotype 58 and genotype 52 were found in significant numbers in HSIL patients. Discussion. Our data show that genotypes 16, 31, 58, and 52 are the most prevalent HR-HPV in cervical samples with severe intraepithelial lesion in Spain. There may be some geographical variation in prevalence of carcinogenic types, and it must be considered for designing diagnostic tests and vaccine