Daphnis placida, a new species of Sphinx moth for Guam, U.S.A.

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Rediscoveries and Presumed Extinctions of Hawaiian Leaf-roller Moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Three species of endemic Hawaiian leaf-roller moths were rediscovered after a 90-year gap in collection records. Twenty-one other species are presumed extinct, with no collection records from the past 50 years. Remarks concerning the type localities of four species (Cydia chlorostola, C. gypsograpta, C. parapteryx, and Pararrhaptica leucostichas) described by Meyrick are given. A list of all described endemic Hawaiian Tortricidae is provided with corresponding years for when each species was last reliably seen or collected as well as the type locality (when known). For each species, we include a list of known or hypothesized host plants, which we hope will spur future rediscoveries and conservation efforts for this group which has, to date, been ignored in conservation planning

Five New Species of Hawaiian Endemic Fancy Case Caterpillars from a Recently Established Forest Reserve on Maui (Cosmopterigidae: Hyposmocoma)

We here describe five new species of Hawaiian fancy case caterpillars, Hyposmocoma Butler (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae), from East Maui: Hyposmocoma (Hyposmocoma) starrorum sp. n., H. (H.) kukilakila sp. n., H. (H.) makaohuna sp. n., H. (H.) kamehamenui sp. n., and H. (H.) desilvai sp. n. They were collected during biodiversity surveys of the recently established Kamehamenui State Forest Reserve. All newly described species are endemic to East Maui, and likely even restricted to particular parts of Haleakalā. They represent a fraction of the undescribed diversity in the endemic genus Hyposmocoma and the discovery of these new species suggests that conservation initiatives and access to reserves will reveal significant additional diversity in one of Hawaiʻi’s most diverse adaptive radiations

First Host Plant Record for the Endemic Hawaiian Ambrosia Beetle Xyleborus pleiades Samuelson, 1981 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)

Cheirodendron trigynum (Gaudich.) Heller (Araliaceae) is documented as the first reported host plant for the endemic Hawaiian ambrosia beetle species Xyleborus pleiades Samuelson, 1981, based upon our rearing of an adult beetle from host plant wood collected in the island of Molokai

Low Variation in Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA Inhibits Resolution of Invasion Pathways across the Pacific for the Coconut Rhinoceros Beetle (Scarabeidae: Oryctes rhinoceros)

The coconut rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros) is a severe pest of coconut and other palms that has invaded the South Pacific in the last decade. The beetle can cause great economic losses, not only to agriculture but also due to indirect impacts on tropical aesthetics and tourism. In the last decade, new invasive populations of the beetle have been detected on Guam and Oahu, Hawaii. Despite the beetle’s extensive invasion history and economic impacts, little is known about its invasion dynamics. We used 1,480 base pairs of cytochrome oxidase subunit I mitochondrial and 814 base pairs of carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase, aspartate transcarbamoylase, dihydroorotase nuclear DNA to conduct a population genetics analysis on eight beetle populations from Thailand, Vietnam, Taiwan, and China in the beetle’s native range and Palau, American Samoa, Guam, and Hawaii in the beetle’s invasive range, in an attempt to resolve invasion pathways. Genetic diversity was insufficient to generate strong evidence for O. rhinoceros movement patterns. Mitochondrial DNA provided a clear but poorly supported population structure. Although nuclear DNA proved to be more diverse, population structure lacked clear signal. This lack of diversity is congruent with a rapid, recent invasion. There appears to be no genetic exchange between populations once they establish, implying that they are rare, human-mediated dispersal events

First Record of Fossorial Behavior in Hawaiian Leafroller Moth Larvae, Omiodes continuatalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae).

v. ill. 23 cm.QuarterlyLarvae of the endemic Hawaiian leafroller moth, Omiodes continuatalis (Wallengren), were used in controlled exposure trials on the island of Maui, Hawai‘i, in May–August 2006, to examine effects of introduced parasitoids on native Hawaiian Lepidoptera. During the trials we observed O. continuatalis larvae burrowing up to 14 cm into the soil beneath plants on which they were deployed. This discovery reflects the first record of fossorial behavior not associated with pupation in larvae of Hawaiian Omiodes and suggests how O. continuatalis, a species once listed as extinct by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, may persist despite intense pressure from introduced biological control agents

Geographic Proximity Not a Prerequisite for Invasion: Hawaii Not the Source of California Invasion by Light Brown Apple Moth (Epiphyas postvittana)

BACKGROUND: The light brown apple moth (LBAM), Epiphyas postvittana (Walker), is native to Australia but invaded England, New Zealand, and Hawaii more than 100 years ago. In temperate climates, LBAM can be a major agricultural pest. In 2006 LBAM was discovered in California, instigating eradication efforts and quarantine against Hawaiian agriculture, the assumption being that Hawaii was the source of the California infestation. Genetic relationships among populations in Hawaii, California, and New Zealand are crucial to understanding LBAM invasion dynamics across the Pacific. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We sequenced mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from 1293 LBAM individuals from California (695), Hawaii (448), New Zealand (147), and Australia (3) to examine haplotype diversity and structure among introduced populations, and evaluate the null hypothesis that invasive populations are from a single panmictic source. However, invasive populations in California and New Zealand harbor deep genetic diversity, whereas Hawaii shows low level, shallow diversity. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: LBAM recently has established itself in California, but was in Hawaii and New Zealand for hundreds of generations, yet California and New Zealand show similar levels of genetic diversity relative to Hawaii. Thus, there is no clear relationship between duration of invasion and genetic structure. Demographic statistics suggest rapid expansion occurring in California and past expansions in New Zealand; multiple introductions of diverse, genetically fragmented lineages could contribute to these patterns. Hawaii and California share no haplotypes, therefore, Hawaii is not the source of the California introduction. Paradoxically, Hawaii and California share multiple haplotypes with New Zealand. New Zealand may be the source for the California and Hawaii infestations, but the introductions were independent, and Hawaii was invaded only once. This has significant implications for quarantine, and suggests that probability of invasion is not directly related to geographic distance. Surprisingly, Hawaiian LBAM populations have much lower genetic diversity than California, despite being older

Additions to the Fruit Fly Fauna (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) of Bangladesh, with a Key to the Species

Five species of Bactrocera are reported to occur in Bangladesh for the first time. The species previously recorded as B. nigrofemoralis is actually B. nigrifacia. An illustrated key to the nineteen species known to occur in the country, plus B. nigrofemoralis, is provided

A Preliminary Survey of the Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) of Bangladesh

Thirteen species of Bactrocera and one species of Dacus were collected during field surveys in Bangladesh, including eight new country records, for a total of fifteen species confirmed to occur in the country. Color variation in Bangladesh B. dorsalis is similar to that observed in B. invadens in Africa and Sri Lanka

A Survey of Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) and their Opiine Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Palau

Surveys for fruit flies and their parasitoids, conducted by male lure trapping and host fruit sampling in 2001, 2013, and 2014, demonstrate that the agricultural pests Bactrocera dorsalis, B. frauenfeldi, and B. umbrosa and non- economic B. calophylli (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) are present and widespread in Palau. The COI gene haplotype networks and aedeagus measurements of B. dorsalis, detected in Palau in 1996, suggest that it is most likely of Philippine origin. Bactrocera occipitalis, previously reported from Palau, was not collected during these surveys, and is probably absent. Fopius arisanus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Opiinae) was reared from fruit containing parasitized larval fruit flies. Parasitism was low (3.4-11.7%), compared to Hawaii or French Polynesia, where F. arisanus has lowered populations of B. dorsalis