21,998 research outputs found
Motivation of R and D enterpreneurs - Determinants of company success
Human performance related to motivations of achievement, power, and company affiliations for determining leadership qualitie
EPR experiment and 2-photon interferometry: Report of a 2-photon interference experiment
After a very brief review of the historical Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen (EPR) experiments, a new two-photon interference type EPR experiment is reported. A two-photon state was generated by optical parametric down conversion. Pairs of light quanta with degenerate frequency but divergent directions of propagation were sent to two independent Michelson interferometers. First and second order interference effectors were studied. Different than other reports, we observed that the second order interference visibility vanished when the optical path difference of the interferometers were much less than the coherence length of the pumping laser beam. However, we also observed that the second order interference behaved differently depending on whether the interferometers were set at equal or different optical path differences
Shock-Wave Heating Model for Chondrule Formation: Prevention of Isotopic Fractionation
Chondrules are considered to have much information on dust particles and
processes in the solar nebula. It is naturally expected that protoplanetary
disks observed in present star forming regions have similar dust particles and
processes, so study of chondrule formation may provide us great information on
the formation of the planetary systems.
Evaporation during chondrule melting may have resulted in depletion of
volatile elements in chondrules. However, no evidence for a large degree of
heavy-isotope enrichment has been reported in chondrules. In order to meet this
observed constraint, the rapid heating rate at temperatures below the silicate
solidus is required to suppress the isotopic fractionation.
We have developed a new shock-wave heating model taking into account the
radiative transfer of the dust thermal continuum emission and the line emission
of gas molecules and calculated the thermal history of chondrules. We have
found that optically-thin shock waves for the thermal continuum emission from
dust particles can meet the rapid heating constraint, because the dust thermal
emission does not keep the dust particles high temperature for a long time in
the pre-shock region and dust particles are abruptly heated by the gas drag
heating in the post-shock region. We have also derived the upper limit of
optical depth of the pre-shock region using the radiative diffusion
approximation, above which the rapid heating constraint is not satisfied. It is
about 1 - 10.Comment: 58 pages, including 5 tables and 15 figures, accepted for publication
in The Astrophysical Journa
Comment on ``Dispersion-Independent High-Visibility Quantum Interference ... "
We show in this Comment that the interpretation of experimental data as well
as the theory presented in Atat\"ure et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 618 (2000)]
are incorrect and discuss why such a scheme cannot be used to "recover"
high-visibility quantum interference.Comment: Comment on Atat\"ure et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 618 (2000)], 2nd
revision, To appear in Phys. Rev. Lett. April, (2001
Stationary Points of Scalar Fields Coupled to Gravity
We investigate the dynamics of gravity coupled to a scalar field using a
non-canonical form of the kinetic term. It is shown that its singular point
represents an attractor for classical solutions and the stationary value of the
field may occur distant from the minimum of the potential. In this paper
properties of universes with such stationary states are considered. We reveal
that such state can be responsible for modern dark energy density.Comment: H. Kroger, invited talk, FFP6, Udine (2004), revised version with
corrected author lis
A really simple approximation of smallest grammar
In this paper we present a really simple linear-time algorithm constructing a
context-free grammar of size O(g log (N/g)) for the input string, where N is
the size of the input string and g the size of the optimal grammar generating
this string. The algorithm works for arbitrary size alphabets, but the running
time is linear assuming that the alphabet Sigma of the input string can be
identified with numbers from 1,ldots, N^c for some constant c. Algorithms with
such an approximation guarantee and running time are known, however all of them
were non-trivial and their analyses were involved. The here presented algorithm
computes the LZ77 factorisation and transforms it in phases to a grammar. In
each phase it maintains an LZ77-like factorisation of the word with at most l
factors as well as additional O(l) letters, where l was the size of the
original LZ77 factorisation. In one phase in a greedy way (by a left-to-right
sweep and a help of the factorisation) we choose a set of pairs of consecutive
letters to be replaced with new symbols, i.e. nonterminals of the constructed
grammar. We choose at least 2/3 of the letters in the word and there are O(l)
many different pairs among them. Hence there are O(log N) phases, each of them
introduces O(l) nonterminals to a grammar. A more precise analysis yields a
bound O(l log(N/l)). As l \leq g, this yields the desired bound O(g log(N/g)).Comment: Accepted for CPM 201
Spitzer reveals what's behind Orion's Bar
We present Spitzer Space Telescope observations of 11 regions SE of the
Bright Bar in the Orion Nebula, along a radial from the exciting star
theta1OriC, extending from 2.6 to 12.1'. Our Cycle 5 programme obtained deep
spectra with matching IRS short-high (SH) and long-high (LH) aperture grid
patterns. Most previous IR missions observed only the inner few arcmin. Orion
is the benchmark for studies of the ISM particularly for elemental abundances.
Spitzer observations provide a unique perspective on the Ne and S abundances by
virtue of observing the dominant ionization states of Ne (Ne+, Ne++) and S
(S++, S3+) in Orion and H II regions in general. The Ne/H abundance ratio is
especially well determined, with a value of (1.01+/-0.08)E-4. We obtained
corresponding new ground-based spectra at CTIO. These optical data are used to
estimate the electron temperature, electron density, optical extinction, and
the S+/S++ ratio at each of our Spitzer positions. That permits an adjustment
for the total gas-phase S abundance because no S+ line is observed by Spitzer.
The gas-phase S/H abundance ratio is (7.68+/-0.30)E-6. The Ne/S abundance ratio
may be determined even when the weaker hydrogen line, H(7-6) here, is not
measured. The mean value, adjusted for the optical S+/S++ ratio, is Ne/S =
13.0+/-0.6. We derive the electron density versus distance from theta1OriC for
[S III] and [S II]. Both distributions are for the most part decreasing with
increasing distance. A dramatic find is the presence of high-ionization Ne++
all the way to the outer optical boundary ~12' from theta1OriC. This IR result
is robust, whereas the optical evidence from observations of high-ionization
species (e.g. O++) at the outer optical boundary suffers uncertainty because of
scattering of emission from the much brighter inner Huygens Region.Comment: 60 pages, 16 figures, 10 tables. MNRAS accepte
Separation of lymphocytes by electrophoresis under terrestrial conditions and at zero gravity, phase 3
Electrophoretic mobilities (EPM) of peripheral lymphocytes were studied from normal subjects, chronic hemodialysis patients and kidney transplant recipients. A technique to separate B lymphocytes and null cells from non-T lymphocyte preparation was developed. The experiments were designed to determine which subpopulation of the non-T lymphocytes is primarily affected and shows a decreased EPM in chronic hemodialysis patients and kidney transplant recipients
Gravitational Wave Bursts from Collisions of Primordial Black Holes in Clusters
The rate of gravitational wave bursts from the mergers of massive primordial
black holes in clusters is calculated. Such clusters of black holes can be
formed through phase transitions in the early Universe. The central black holes
in clusters can serve as the seeds of supermassive black holes in galactic
nuclei. The expected burst detection rate by the LISA gravitational wave
detector is estimated.Comment: 10 pages, 2 figure
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