93 research outputs found

    Prevention and Compensation of Muddy Flows: Some Economic Insights.

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    Recent surveys report the increasing number of muddy flows in many areas, and point out the fact that agricultural practices (among others) influence significantly the risk and severity of muddy flows. In this paper, we investigate the economic incentives that can be given to the farmer to adopt different practices. We propose an original economic instrument that entails an `ambient tax', voluntary revelations and a compensation fund. Because of the authorities' difficulties to be informed of each farmer's individual efforts, the tax cannot depend on the individual but on the collective level of efforts. However, each agent may lower his tax payment by revealing his individual efforts to the regulator so that high efforts may be rewarded compared to low ones. The tax revenue is used to supply a fund that is dedicated to the compensation of victims if a muddy flow occurs. hence it is possible to simultaneously increase the incentives for farmers to adopt more environmentally friendly practices and to improve the compensation of victims without mitigating their incentives to protect themselves against the risk of muddy flow.muddy flow, natural disasters, economic incentives, ambient tax, insurance, compensation fund.

    A model of the anchoring effect in dichotomous choice valuation with follow-up.

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    This paper focuses on modelling and estimating the starting point bias in closed-ended follow-up questions, where several bids are presented successively, depending on previous answers. Although the contingent valuation literature took off in the last decade, there is only one study modelling the starting point bias. We propose a new modelling of this anchoring effect based on the assumption the first proposed bid has a direct influence on the individual's willingness-to-pay, i.e respondents modify their willingness-to-pay when presented with the first bid just before they answer the first question. Monte Carlo results support the specification of our model. An application is provided based on data from a contingent valuation study conducted concerning air quality in Strasbourg.Contingent valuation, willingness-to-pay, binary-choice, anchoring effect.

    Potential of Artificial Wetlands for Removing Pesticides from Water in a Cost-Effective Framework

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    The purpose of this paper is to analyze the implication of wetland construction for the cost-effective design of a pesticide charge. A model is developed in order to show that, for a given target, the introduction of wetland construction can reduce overall abatement costs and can lower the input charge asked to the farmers. This result remains true as long as the cost of constructing a wetland is not too high. A numerical illustration is carried out in order to simulate pesticide regulations in a wine catchment in North-East of Francewater policy, constructed wetlands, agricultural pollution regulation, Agribusiness, Land Economics/Use, Q25, Q58, K32,

    Mesurer les préférences du consommateur pour orienter les décisions des pouvoirs publics : l'apport de la méthode expérimentale

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    La prise en compte de l'intĂ©rĂȘt du citoyen dans la dĂ©cision publique passe par l'estimation des prĂ©fĂ©rences individuelles face Ă  diffĂ©rents choix collectifs. DĂšs lors qu'il n'existe pas de marchĂ© de rĂ©fĂ©rence, mesurer l'impact d'une dĂ©cision publique sur le bien-ĂȘtre des individus pose un vrai problĂšme mĂ©thodologique. En dĂ©pit des nombreuses amĂ©liorations apportĂ©es Ă  ces mĂ©thodes, l'enquĂȘte d'opinion ou l'Ă©valuation contingente produisent des mesures altĂ©rĂ©es par diffĂ©rents biais. L'Ă©conomie expĂ©rimentale constitue une mĂ©thodologie intĂ©ressante en permettant une mesure directe de la valeur qu'attribue un individu pour un choix, un scĂ©nario ou un bien non marchand. L'utilisation de cette mĂ©thode comme outil d'aide Ă  la dĂ©cision publique est croissante. Nous nous proposons dans cet article de faire une prĂ©sentation de cette dĂ©marche. PrĂ©cisĂ©ment, cet article rĂ©pond aux deux questions suivantes : Pourquoi faire de l'Ă©valuation des prĂ©fĂ©rences en laboratoire ? Comment conduire une telle investigation ?dĂ©cision publique; Ă©conomie expĂ©rimentale; Ă©valuation de prĂ©fĂ©rences individuelles

    Nonpoint source pollution: An experimental investigation of the Average Pigouvian Tax

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    The “Average Pigouvian Tax” (APT) was proposed by Suter et al. (2008) to reduce the financial burden of the standard ambient tax. This instrument consists in a standard ambient tax divided by the number of firms, which requires polluters to cooperate in order to achieve the social optimum. To enable polluters to cooperate, communication is allowed. We introduce different types of communication: cheap talk, exogenous costly communication (communication is imposed), and endogenous costly communication (conducted on a voluntary basis after a vote). Our experiment confirms that the instrument induces polluters to reduce their emissions under cheap talk. However, we find that group emissions are less reduced when communication is costly. This result still holds even when we endogenize communication by introducing a voting phase

    Coordination face Ă  un mixte d’instruments pour rĂ©guler la pollution diffuse. Une Ă©tude expĂ©rimentale

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    RĂ©guler une pollution diffuse en mixant des instruments, taxe ambiante et zones tampons, apparaĂźt pertinent en thĂ©orie mais risque de compliquer la coordination et donc la mise en Ɠuvre de la politique. C’est ce que les auteurs cherchent Ă  observer Ă  travers une expĂ©rience en laboratoire. Afin d’atteindre une norme environnementale, et ainsi Ă©viter de payer une taxe ambiante, les joueurs avaient la possibilitĂ© de renoncer, en partie, Ă  une activitĂ© lucrative mais polluante, ou contribuer Ă  une zone tampon. L’expĂ©rience montre la capacitĂ© de cet instrument mixte Ă  converger vers l’objectif environnemental.Regulating ambient pollution with a mix of instruments—an ambient tax and buffer zones—is relevant in theory but may complicate coordination and, as a consequence, the implementation of a policy. The aim of this paper is to examine the prospects for applying this method of regulation, and we test out this possibility via an experiment in the laboratory. In order to reach an environmental norm, and to avoid paying an ambient tax, the players had the option to either put an end to a part of their lucrative but polluting activities, or to contribute to a buffer zone. Our experiment shows that a mix of instruments is able to reach an environmental target

    SENSIBILITE DE L'ÉVALUATION DES DOMMAGES POTENTIELS LIÉS AUX INONDATIONS

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    15 p.International audienceLa rĂ©flexion gĂ©nĂ©rale de cet article a pour objet les incertitudes de l'Ă©valuation de dommages potentiels liĂ©s aux inondations. Cette Ă©valuation quantifie, en termes monĂ©taires, les impacts gĂ©nĂ©rĂ©s quant Ă  l'occurrence d'inondations dans des zones d'activitĂ©s humaines. Elle est un instrument indispensable aux analyses coĂ»t-bĂ©nĂ©fice, de plus en plus utilisĂ©es comme outil d'aide Ă  la dĂ©cision de projets de gestion d'inondations. En outre, elle aide Ă  la comprĂ©hension du risque. La mise en Ɠuvre d'une Ă©valuation consiste Ă  croiser les informations de l'alĂ©a avec les donnĂ©es sur la vulnĂ©rabilitĂ© des enjeux, et ensuite Ă  appliquer des modĂšles Ă©conomiques pour monĂ©tiser les dommages. Les incertitudes sur les donnĂ©es issues de chaque Ă©tape de l'Ă©valuation, ainsi que les approches utilisĂ©es pour croiser ces diffĂ©rentes donnĂ©es se rĂ©percutent dans les rĂ©sultats de l'Ă©valuation. L'analyse de propagation d'incertitudes liĂ©es aux diffĂ©rentes modĂ©lisations permet : de mieux connaĂźtre l'importance de chaque Ă©tape et les limites de l'Ă©valuation ; de privilĂ©gier un modĂšle selon la prĂ©cision requise ; et de prendre en compte le facteur " incertitude " dans la formalisation de la connaissance du risque et dans la prise de dĂ©cision. Cet article se donne donc un triple objectif : (1) prĂ©senter les concepts de base des Ă©valuations de dommages liĂ©s aux inondations; (2) rĂ©vĂ©ler les incertitudes associĂ©es aux diffĂ©rentes Ă©tapes de l'Ă©valuation et prĂ©senter les principes des analyses de propagation des incertitudes; et (3) appliquer l'analyse de propagation de l'incertitude sur les inondations de la riviĂšre Bruche, (CommunautĂ© Urbaine de Strasbourg, Bas-Rhin, Alsace, France)

    Bénéfices de santé liés à la qualité de l'environnement. Peut-on négliger les coûts privés?

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    Health benefits induced by environmental quality: are private costs negligible? For a complete estimation of morbidity effects associated with environmental damages, the paper pleads in favour of the use of two methods: the cost of illness method (COI) and the contingent valuation method (CVM). Indeed these methods are complementary, COI is used to asses the "social cost" (medical expenses, lost wages) and CVM to value the "private cost" (disutility associated with the symptoms, pain, restricted activity). Moreover we show in the case of light symptoms induced by air pollution that private cost is at least as important as the social cost. Neglecting the private cost leads to an underestimation of health costs. In a cost-benefit analysis point of view, such an underestimation could lead to the opposite public decision.Les Ă©valuations des coĂ»ts sanitaires, rĂ©alisĂ©es jusqu'Ă  prĂ©sent en France, se basent sur les coĂ»ts « socialisĂ©s », c'est-Ă -dire les coĂ»ts de traitement et la perte de salaire. Or, le coĂ»t Ă©conomique global de la maladie correspond Ă  la somme du coĂ»t socialisĂ© et du coĂ»t « privĂ© », le coĂ»t privĂ© reprĂ©sentant essentiellement le coĂ»t de la gĂȘne. Nous montrons que, pour une Ă©valuation complĂšte, les mĂ©thodes du coĂ»t de la maladie et d'Ă©valuation contingente sont parfaitement complĂ©mentaires. Nous les avons appliquĂ©es Ă  l'Ă©valuation des coĂ»ts liĂ©s Ă  des pathologies bĂ©nignes dues Ă  la pollution atmosphĂ©rique. Dans ce cas, le coĂ»t privĂ© s'avĂšre au moins aussi important que le coĂ»t socialisĂ©. NĂ©gliger le coĂ»t privĂ© entraĂźne une sous-estimation des coĂ»ts sanitaires, qui, dans une optique d'analyse coĂ»t-bĂ©nĂ©fice, est susceptible d'en modifier les conclusions.Rozan Anne. BĂ©nĂ©fices de santĂ© liĂ©s Ă  la qualitĂ© de l'environnement. Peut-on nĂ©gliger les coĂ»ts privĂ©s?. In: Revue Ă©conomique, volume 51, n°3, 2000. pp. 595-608

    Benefit Transfer: A Comparison of WTP for Air Quality between France and Germany

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    International audienc
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