Les causes et les conséquences de la mixité entre le peuplier faux-tremble et le pin gris en forêt boréale un regard sur les propriétés édaphiques

Les peuplements mixtes (formés à la fois de feuillus et de conifères) font partie de la dynamique naturelle de la forêt boréale québécoise. Toutefois, les pratiques forestières au Québec ont eu comme conséquences de séparer les essences incluses dans ces peuplements. Hors, de récentes études suggèrent que la gestion forestière des peuplements mixtes pourrait procurer des avantages tant économiques, qu'écologiques. Cependant, nous connaissons encore mal la dynamique naturelle menant à la formation de peuplements mixtes d'essences pionnières telles que le peuplier et le pin gris et encore moins les conséquences qu'une telle mixité peut avoir sur les propriétés physico-chimiques et biologiques du sol. Cette thèse de doctorat a, comme principal objectif, de mieux comprendre les causes et les conséquences souterraines de la mixité forestière entre le peuplier faux-tremble et le pin gris dans la forêt boréale abitibienne. En premier lieu j'évalue l'hypothèse que la fertilité du matériau parental détermine l'occurrence des peuplements mixtes de peuplier et de pin gris. Un recensement des peuplements mixtes dans le nord-ouest de l'Abitibi ainsi qu'une expérience contrôlant la fertilité du sol ont permis de confirmer cette hypothèse. En ce sens, les peuplements mixtes de peuplier et de pin gris sont exclusifs aux dépôts argileux plus riches que les dépôts sableux tels le till. En second lieu, j'évalue les conséquences de la mixité forestière sur les propriétés édaphiques, notamment, la composition et la stabilité des communautés microbiennes du sol. Ainsi, je suppose que la plus grande diversité végétale des peuplements mixtes favorise la stabilité de la biomasse des communautés microbiennes qui y sont associées. J'ai donc mesuré trois indices de stabilité de la biomasse microbienne soient : la résistance, la résilience et la tolérance. Mes résultats indiquent dans un premier temps que les communautés microbiennes des peuplements mixtes sont plus résistantes que celles des peuplements purs et, dans un deuxième temps, que la tolérance des communautés microbiennes des peuplements mixtes est assurée dans une plus grande diversité de conditions par opposition aux communautés microbiennes provenant des peuplements purs. Quant à la résilience, cet indice était plus fortement déterminé par la fertilité du matériau parental que par la composition végétale. En troisième et dernier lieu, j'explore les conséquences souterraines de frontières abruptes entre les peuplements purs de peuplier et de pin gris. Même si dans de tels cas, il n'y a pas de mixité forestière, je présente des évidences que de tels écotones constituent des écosystèmes uniques en ce qui a trait à leurs propriétés souterraines et que le peuplier, par la dispersion de sa litière, possède une plus forte influence que le pin gris sur ces propriétés, notamment, la composition des communautés microbiennes. Les résultats et les conclusions découlant de ce projet de doctorat permettront, dans un premier temps de mieux comprendre la dynamique naturelle de la forêt boréale, et dans un second temps, de comprendre les conséquences souterraines de l'hétérogénéité du paysage de la forêt boréale. Finalement, ces résultats pourraient justifier le développement de pratiques sylvicoles préservant la diversité du paysage forestier québécois

TRY plant trait database – enhanced coverage and open access

Plant traits - the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants - determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait‐based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits - almost complete coverage for ‘plant growth form’. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait–environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives

Using Macronutrient Distributions within Trees to Define a Branch Diameter Threshold for Biomass Harvest in Sugar Maple-Dominated Stands

As the use of forest harvesting residues for energy production gains popularity, debate continues regarding the long-term sustainability of whole tree harvesting (WTH). This practice removes nutrient-rich twigs that only account for a small fraction of harvest residues, emphasising the need to develop nutrient-efficient alternatives to WTH. This study assessed N, P, K, Ca, and Mg distributions within sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marshall) and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton) branches of various sizes in order to determine the branch diameter threshold that would represent the best compromise between the quantity of harvested biomass and nutrient losses that were generated. Quantities of nutrients that were exported with harvesting were then modelled at the stand level using different biomass harvest scenarios to explore what factors ultimately drove total quantities of nutrients exported with harvest. We found that the branch diameter threshold for biomass harvesting should be set at 2 cm for most nutrients in both tree species. An exception was Mg in yellow birch, for which the harvesting of branches larger than 10 cm would always generate larger nutrient export than gains in terms of biomass. At the stand scale, we provide evidence that the intensity of biomass harvest (i.e., the number of branch compartments harvested) is the principal factor responsible for the quantity of nutrient that is exported with harvesting

Using Macronutrient Distributions within Trees to Define a Branch Diameter Threshold for Biomass Harvest in Sugar Maple-Dominated Stands

As the use of forest harvesting residues for energy production gains popularity, debate continues regarding the long-term sustainability of whole tree harvesting (WTH). This practice removes nutrient-rich twigs that only account for a small fraction of harvest residues, emphasising the need to develop nutrient-efficient alternatives to WTH. This study assessed N, P, K, Ca, and Mg distributions within sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marshall) and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton) branches of various sizes in order to determine the branch diameter threshold that would represent the best compromise between the quantity of harvested biomass and nutrient losses that were generated. Quantities of nutrients that were exported with harvesting were then modelled at the stand level using different biomass harvest scenarios to explore what factors ultimately drove total quantities of nutrients exported with harvest. We found that the branch diameter threshold for biomass harvesting should be set at 2 cm for most nutrients in both tree species. An exception was Mg in yellow birch, for which the harvesting of branches larger than 10 cm would always generate larger nutrient export than gains in terms of biomass. At the stand scale, we provide evidence that the intensity of biomass harvest (i.e., the number of branch compartments harvested) is the principal factor responsible for the quantity of nutrient that is exported with harvesting

Revisiting the Functional Zoning Concept under Climate Change to Expand the Portfolio of Adaptation Options

Climate change is threatening our ability to manage forest ecosystems sustainably. Despite strong consensus on the need for a broad portfolio of options to face this challenge, diversified management options have yet to be widely implemented. Inspired by functional zoning, a concept aimed at optimizing biodiversity conservation and wood production in multiple-use forest landscapes, we present a portfolio of management options that intersects management objectives with forest vulnerability to better address the wide range of goals inherent to forest management under climate change. Using this approach, we illustrate how different adaptation options could be implemented when faced with impacts related to climate change and its uncertainty. These options range from establishing ecological reserves in climatic refuges, where self-organizing ecological processes can result in resilient forests, to intensive plantation silviculture that could ensure a stable wood supply in an uncertain future. While adaptation measures in forests that are less vulnerable correspond to the traditional functional zoning management objectives, forests with higher vulnerability might be candidates for transformative measures as they may be more susceptible to abrupt changes in structure and composition. To illustrate how this portfolio of management options could be applied, we present a theoretical case study for the eastern boreal forest of Canada. Even if these options are supported by solid evidence, their implementation across the landscape may present some challenges and will require good communication among stakeholders and with the public

Revisiting the Functional Zoning Concept under Climate Change to Expand the Portfolio of Adaptation Options

Climate change is threatening our ability to manage forest ecosystems sustainably. Despite strong consensus on the need for a broad portfolio of options to face this challenge, diversified management options have yet to be widely implemented. Inspired by functional zoning, a concept aimed at optimizing biodiversity conservation and wood production in multiple-use forest landscapes, we present a portfolio of management options that intersects management objectives with forest vulnerability to better address the wide range of goals inherent to forest management under climate change. Using this approach, we illustrate how different adaptation options could be implemented when faced with impacts related to climate change and its uncertainty. These options range from establishing ecological reserves in climatic refuges, where self-organizing ecological processes can result in resilient forests, to intensive plantation silviculture that could ensure a stable wood supply in an uncertain future. While adaptation measures in forests that are less vulnerable correspond to the traditional functional zoning management objectives, forests with higher vulnerability might be candidates for transformative measures as they may be more susceptible to abrupt changes in structure and composition. To illustrate how this portfolio of management options could be applied, we present a theoretical case study for the eastern boreal forest of Canada. Even if these options are supported by solid evidence, their implementation across the landscape may present some challenges and will require good communication among stakeholders and with the public

TRY plant trait database - enhanced coverage and open access

10.1111/gcb.14904GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY261119-18