Bright Line Seizures: The Need for Clarity in Determining When Fourth Amendment Activity Begins

This Article proposes that the Mendenhall-Royer standard, as presently interpreted, should be discarded because it is unworkable and fails to strike the appropriate balance between the liberty interests of citizens and the interest of the state in combatting crime. The test is unworkable because the outcomes of cases turn on subtle factual distinctions unrelated to an individual\u27s actual freedom to end an encounter with a police officer, making it difficult for police officers to apply the standard in the field and adjust their conduct accordingly. Moreover, the standard provides insufficient protection for an individual\u27s rights by failing to consider the purpose of the encounter. Next, the Article will examine the cases in which the Supreme Court has used the Mendenhall-Royer test. These cases serve as further illustrations both of the difficulty in applying the test and of the lack of guidance the Supreme Court has provided. The Article then will explore the results of this lack of guidance by examining the confusion lower courts are experiencing in deciding cases using the Mendenhall-Royer standard. Finally, the Article will examine possible alternatives to the Mendenhall-Royer test. It will show that some of these alternatives have been rejected without careful consideration, by overstating the perceived drawbacks to such tests and placing unfounded confidence in the courts\u27 ability to modify\u27 the Mendenhall-Royer test to yield appropriate results. The Article concludes that a per se rule based on the purpose for which a police officer initiates the encounter, although rejected by courts and commentators, is necessary. Such a test provides the appropriate balance between the liberty interest of citizens and the crime fighting interest of the state and is justified by experience with the Mendenhall-Royer test

Bright Line Seizures: The Need for Clarity in Determining When Fourth Amendment Activity Begins

This Article proposes that the Mendenhall-Royer standard, as presently interpreted, should be discarded because it is unworkable and fails to strike the appropriate balance between the liberty interests of citizens and the interest of the state in combatting crime. The test is unworkable because the outcomes of cases turn on subtle factual distinctions unrelated to an individual\u27s actual freedom to end an encounter with a police officer, making it difficult for police officers to apply the standard in the field and adjust their conduct accordingly. Moreover, the standard provides insufficient protection for an individual\u27s rights by failing to consider the purpose of the encounter. Next, the Article will examine the cases in which the Supreme Court has used the Mendenhall-Royer test. These cases serve as further illustrations both of the difficulty in applying the test and of the lack of guidance the Supreme Court has provided. The Article then will explore the results of this lack of guidance by examining the confusion lower courts are experiencing in deciding cases using the Mendenhall-Royer standard. Finally, the Article will examine possible alternatives to the Mendenhall-Royer test. It will show that some of these alternatives have been rejected without careful consideration, by overstating the perceived drawbacks to such tests and placing unfounded confidence in the courts\u27 ability to modify\u27 the Mendenhall-Royer test to yield appropriate results. The Article concludes that a per se rule based on the purpose for which a police officer initiates the encounter, although rejected by courts and commentators, is necessary. Such a test provides the appropriate balance between the liberty interest of citizens and the crime fighting interest of the state and is justified by experience with the Mendenhall-Royer test

The Influence of Dust Formation Modelling on Na I and K I Line Profiles in Substellar Atmospheres

We aim to understand the correlation between cloud formation and alkali line formation in substellar atmospheres.We perform line profile calculations for Na I and K I based on the coupling of our kinetic model for the formation and composition of dust grains with 1D radiative transfer calculations in atmosphere models for brown dwarfs and giant gas planets. The Na I and K I line profiles sensibly depend on the way clouds are treated in substellar atmosphere simulations. The kinetic dust formation model results in the highest pseudo-continuum compared to the limiting cases.Comment: 5 pages, Accepted for publication in MNRA

Alien Registration- Royer, Onesine J. (Auburn, Androscoggin County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/30330/thumbnail.jp

Responses of fruit flies (Tephritidae: Dacinae) to novel male attractants in north Queensland, Australia, and improved lures for some pest species

Male fruit fly attractants, cue-lure and methyl eugenol (ME), have been successfully used for the last 50 years in the monitoring and control of Dacini fruit flies (Bactrocera and Dacus species). However, over 50% of Dacini are non-responsive to either lure, including some pest species. A new lure, zingerone, has been found to weakly attract cue- and ME-responsive species in Malaysia. In Australia it attracted a weakly cue-responsive minor pest Bactrocera jarvisi (Tryon) and three non-responsive' species. Similar compounds were tested in Queensland and attracted cue- and ME-responsive species and two non-responsive' species. In this study, 14 novel compounds, including raspberry ketone formate (RKF) (Melolure) and zingerone, were field tested in comparison with cue-lure and ME at 17 sites in north Queensland. The most attractive novel lures were isoeugenol, methyl-isoeugenol, dihydroeugenol and zingerone. Several non-responsive' species responded to the new lures: Bactrocera halfordiae (Tryon), a species of some market access concern, was most attracted to isoeugenol; B.barringtoniae (Tryon), B.bidentata (May) and B.murrayi (Perkins) responded to isoeugenol, methyl-isoeugenol and dihydroeugenol; two new species of Dacus responded to zingerone. Bactrocera kraussi (Hardy), a cue-responsive minor pest in north Queensland, was significantly more attracted to isoeugenol than cue-lure. The cue-responsive D.absonifacies (May) and D.secamoneaeDrew were significantly more attracted to zingerone than cue-lure. Bactrocera yorkensisDrew & Hancock, a ME-responsive species was significantly more attracted to isoeugenol, methyl-isoeugenol and dihydroeugenol than ME. The preferential response to RKF or cue-lure was species specific. Six species were significantly more attracted to RKF, including the pests B.tryoni (Froggatt), B.frauenfeldi (Schiner) and minor pest B.bryoniae (Tryon); eight species were significantly more attracted to cue-lure including the pest B.neohumeralis (Hardy). These findings have significance in the search for optimal male lures for pest species elsewhere in the world

Different realizations of tomographic principle in quantum state measurement

We establish a general principle for the tomographic approach to quantum state reconstruction, till now based on a simple rotation transformation in the phase space, which allows us to consider other types of transformations. Then, we will present different realizations of the principle in specific examples.Comment: 17 pages, Latex file, no figures, accepted by J. of Mod. Op

Responses of fruit flies (Tephritidae: Dacinae) to novel male attractants in north Queensland, Australia, and improved lures for some pest species

Male fruit fly attractants, cue-lure and methyl eugenol (ME), have been successfully used for the last 50 years in the monitoring and control of Dacini fruit flies (Bactrocera and Dacus species). However, over 50% of Dacini are non-responsive to either lure, including some pest species. A new lure, zingerone, has been found to weakly attract cue- and ME-responsive species in Malaysia. In Australia it attracted a weakly cue-responsive minor pest Bactrocera jarvisi (Tryon) and three non-responsive' species. Similar compounds were tested in Queensland and attracted cue- and ME-responsive species and two non-responsive' species. In this study, 14 novel compounds, including raspberry ketone formate (RKF) (Melolure) and zingerone, were field tested in comparison with cue-lure and ME at 17 sites in north Queensland. The most attractive novel lures were isoeugenol, methyl-isoeugenol, dihydroeugenol and zingerone. Several non-responsive' species responded to the new lures: Bactrocera halfordiae (Tryon), a species of some market access concern, was most attracted to isoeugenol; B.barringtoniae (Tryon), B.bidentata (May) and B.murrayi (Perkins) responded to isoeugenol, methyl-isoeugenol and dihydroeugenol; two new species of Dacus responded to zingerone. Bactrocera kraussi (Hardy), a cue-responsive minor pest in north Queensland, was significantly more attracted to isoeugenol than cue-lure. The cue-responsive D.absonifacies (May) and D.secamoneaeDrew were significantly more attracted to zingerone than cue-lure. Bactrocera yorkensisDrew & Hancock, a ME-responsive species was significantly more attracted to isoeugenol, methyl-isoeugenol and dihydroeugenol than ME. The preferential response to RKF or cue-lure was species specific. Six species were significantly more attracted to RKF, including the pests B.tryoni (Froggatt), B.frauenfeldi (Schiner) and minor pest B.bryoniae (Tryon); eight species were significantly more attracted to cue-lure including the pest B.neohumeralis (Hardy). These findings have significance in the search for optimal male lures for pest species elsewhere in the world

A propos de la Symptomatologie de la Rage bovine au cours de l’actuelle enzootie française

Gravière P., Gammel J., Jean E., Kissel J., Royer C., Vincent P., Goret Pierre. A propos de la symptomatologie de la rage bovine au cours de l'actuelle enzootie française. In: Bulletin de l'Académie Vétérinaire de France tome 122 n°4, 1969. pp. 163-168