HERBAL MEDICINES AS NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENT: A MECHANISTIC APPROACH

Neurodegeneration refers to a condition of neuronal death occurring as a result of progressive disease of long termand is becoming a major health problem in the 21st century. Neurons degenerated are not replaced resulting in cognitive loss ,many neurodegenerative disorders, such as schizophrenia, depression, Alzheimer's Disease (AD) dementia, cerebrovascular impairment, seizure disorders, head injury, Parkinsonism. Neuroprotection refers to the strategies and possible mechanisms that are able to protect the central nervous system (CNS) against neuronal injury and neurodegenerative disorders. The past decade has witnessed an intense interest in herbal plants having long-term health promoting or medicinal qualities. Comprehensive research and discovery has demonstrated that natural products, medicinal herbs, plant extracts, and their metabolites, have great potential as neuroprotective agent. Although the precise mechanisms of action of herbal drugs have yet to be determined, some of them have been shown to exert anti-inflammatory and/or antioxidant effects. Thus the herbal plants can be a valuable source of drug against neurodegenerative disorders which will require high-throughput screening. This review will highlight the role of herbal plants and their phytoconstituents against neurodegenerative diseases and other related disorders, focusing on their mechanism of action and therapeutic potential. Keywords

Petrogenesis of ferromanganese nodules from East of the Chagos Archipelago, Central Indian Basin, Indian Ocean

Deep-sea ferromanganese nodules occur over a large area and on many different sediment types of the Central Indian Basin, Indian Ocean. Selected samples were studied to determine their chemical and mineralogical compositions and microstructural features. Repeated laminations of variable thickness, alternately dominated by todorokite and vernadite, are characteristic of these nodules. These laminae show, on electron microprobe line scans, corresponding interlaminar partitioning of Mn-Cu-Ni and Fe-Co. The bulk chemical compositions of these nodules plot in both the hydrogenetic and early diagenetic fields on the Fe–Mn–(Ni + Cu + Co) × 10 ternary diagram. The binary diagram depicting the covariation of Mn + Ni + Cu against Fe + Co shows two distinct parallel regression lines, one delineated by nodules from terrigenous, siliceous ooze and siliceous ooze–terrigenous sediments and the other by nodules from red clay, siliceous ooze–red clay and calcareous ooze–red clay. An increasing diagenetic influence in the nodules with the nature of the host sediment types was observed in the sequence: terrigenous → siliceous ooze and red clay → siliceous/calcareous ooze–red clay. A negative correlation between Mn/Fe ratio and Co and a positive correlation between Mn/Fe ratio and (Ni + Cu) was established. The nodules show dendritic, laminated, and globular microstructures formed by primary growth of Fe–Mn oxide laminae. Depositional hiatuses in the primary microstructures indicate that the growth of these nodules was episodic. The oxide laminations show extremely complex growth patterns. Scattered biogenic remains and mineral grains acted as accessory 'seeds' for growth of oxide layers in addition to the main nuclei. None of the primary microstructures can be uniquely linked to a particular growth process or growth rate. Radial cracks, cutting across primary microstructures, are often filled by todorokite of a later generation. Post-depositional modifications of the nodules were largely controlled by accreted biogenic remains as indicated by their progressive dissolution with increasing depth from nodule surfaces, their pseudomorphic replacement by todorokite and the later growth of phillipsite and todorokite in the microfossil molds. The growth patterns of the in-filled oxides are often controlled entirely by the cavity-walls and are discordant with the primary growth fabric. Primary todorokite was recrystallized to coarser grains of different chemical composition. Later generation veins of todorokite cut across and chaotically disrupted primary laminae

Thermodynamics of micelle formation of some cationic surfactants as a function of temperature and solvent

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Novel Coronavirus 2019: A Recent Update

Since last year of December 2019, a virus has been identifying in china’s city of Wuhan, virus name Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Disease is a very scary Disease. This disease is a challenge for Human for cure.  These virus are effected all over the world’s country like America, Brazil, Turkey, China, Italy, Iran, India, Canada Russia etc., this virus first time reported in relation to the Huainan Seafood Wholesale Market (South China Seafood City Food Market) in Wuhan, China. This market gained media attention after being identified as a point of origin of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic. This virus have the common sign & symptoms like pneumonia and show symptoms of  fever, headache, joint pain, Common cold, chills, shortness of breath, cough severe pneumonia, dyspnea, renal insufficiency. The detection of 2019- SCoV-like viruses in tiny size, live wild mammals in a market indicates a route of inters species spreading, although the natural loch is not known. This theory assembles a study of the molecular biology fundamental of these infectious agents, with particular prominence on the nature and identify of viral receptors, viral RNA synthesis, and the molecular interactions governing viral assembly