The Caloric Cost of Self-Paced Exercise in Full Body Tabata, Treadmill Running Tabata, and Continuous Running

Weight management via exercise is critical in both athletic and general populations. It is unclear what modality of exercise elicits the greatest caloric efficiency. PURPOSE: To compare the energy expenditure of three different exercise regimens when performed at a self-selected pace. METHODS: Recreationally active men (n=3) and women (n=4) performed 3 separate exercise bouts at a self-selected pace: total body Tabata (TBT), treadmill running Tabata (TRT), and continuous running (CONT) in a counterbalanced manner with at least 48h between bouts. Trials consisted of a 10-minute rest period, 5-minute warmup, 25-minute exercise bout, and a 25-minute recovery period. TBT consisted of repeated cycles of body calisthenics for 20 seconds with 10-seconds rest in between. TRT consisted of repeated sprints on a treadmill in the same manner as TBT. CONT was a continuous exercise bout on a treadmill. In TRT and CONT trials, participants could manipulate treadmill speed in 5-minute increments. For each bout, participants wore a portable metabolic analyzer (CosMed K-5) during the rest, warmup, exercise, and recovery period to assess energy expenditure (EE), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), fat oxidation (FO), and excess post-exercise consumption (EPOC). Heart rate (HR) was recorded during exercise and recovery in 5-minute increments. Significant differences (pRESULTS: There were no significant differences in average HR (bpm) during exercise (TBT = 174.9±6.1; TRT = 182.1±5.9; CONT = 181.4±8.4) or during recovery. EE during exercise was significantly higher in CONT (356.7±82.9 kcals) than TRT (312.8±70.0 kcals; p=0.007, ES=.56) and TBT (266.3±63.9 kcals; p=0.001, ES=1.2). Additionally, EE during exercise was significantly higher in TRT than TBT (p=.005, ES=.59). During minutes 0-25 of recovery, no significant differences were found in EE or fat oxidation. However, in minutes 10-25 of recovery, TBT (31.7±8.7 kcals) was significantly higher in EE than CONT (26.0±7.0 kcals; p=0.009, ES=.69) and had a higher rate of FO (0.19±0.07 g∙min-1) than TRT (0.12±0.06 g∙min-1; p=0.013, ES=1.03) and CONT (0.13±0.05 g∙min-1; p=0.036, ES=.87). During exercise, RER was significantly higher in TBT (1.00±0.04) than TRT (0.94±0.03; p=0.019, ES=1.28), but there were no differences during recovery. EPOC at minutes 0-25 of recovery was significantly higher in TBT (3.7±1.8 L∙min-1) than TRT (2.0±1.2 L∙min-1; p=0.039). CONCLUSION: At a self-selected pace, intensity was similar across trials. When compared to TBT and TRT, CONT burned more calories during exercise, implying that CONT burns more calories when matched for time and intensity. However, TBT elicited higher EE and FO while recovering, possibly due to TBT relying more on carbohydrates as evidenced by the higher exercise RER. The increased use of fat during recovery helps replenish glycogen stores and facilitates the body’s full recovery to pre-exercise levels. Future studies should examine the metabolic responses that take place during the performance of other self-paced exercise modalities to determine the most calorically efficient exercise

Hydrology and Water Quality in the Central Kentucky Karst: Phase 1

Study of springs and cave streams has shown that heavy metal-rich effluent from a wastewater treatment plant can be traced to Hidden River Cave (beneath the city of Horse Cave) and thence 4 to 5 miles north to a group of 39 springs at 14 locations along a 5-mile reach of Green River. Nickel, chromium, copper and zinc in these effluent-bearing springs are in concentrations of as much as 30 times greater than other springs upstream and downstream from this reach, 20 times greater than the Green River, and 60 times greater than in shallow domestic wells between Horse Cave and the river. Mean concentration ratios, based on samples taken during moderate to flood flow, are considerably lower. Although the heavy metal content of the effluent-bearing stream in Hidden River Cave greatly exceeds various maximum concentrations set by current standards, the concentrations in the effluent-bearing springs do not exceed current maximums allowed for public water supplies. None of the domestic shallow wells between the cave and the river intercept this effluent-rich water. The distributary system that was postulated to feed the 39 springs was entered by digging in June 1975; 14.6 miles of this floodwater maze has been mapped. Water tracing over distances of as much as 15 miles has made it possible to delineate thirteen groundwater basins, eleven of them characterized by distributary flow. Study of the water quality· of five adjacent groundwater basins showed that they could be geochemically differentiated. One of these, the Three-Springs Groundwater Basin, has a distributary complex that is 2.4 miles wide and its discharge is believed to be affected by brines released by drilling. Dendritic flow paths, identified by dye-traces to and from caves (and mapping of these caves), have been recognized in the Turnhole Spring Groundwater Basin (Quinlan, 1976) and the Graham Springs Groundwater Basin. Flow converges to trunk streams as much as 40 ft wide that may rise and fall as much as 100 ft in response to heavy rains. Groundwater velocities in the upper part of the principal aquifer range from 30 ft per hour to 1300 ft per hour, depending upon the duration and intensity of rains. Recommendations are made for: 1) the use of drainage basin maps for regional planning and protection of water supplies, 2) protection of other water supplies, and 3) development of specific springs as potential public water supplies

Hydrology and Water Quality in the Central Kentucky Karst: Phase II Part A: Preliminary Summary of the Hydrogeology of the Mill Hole Sub-Basin of the Turnhole Spring Groundwater Basin

Water from upland areas flows to small ephemeral and perennial springs that feed sinking streams that are tributary to low-order cave streams. These cave streams, also recharged by diffuse percolation, are part of a dendritic network in which intermediate-order streams join high-order streams that flow to major trunk streams. The trunk in the Mill Hole Sub-basin flows across the bottom of a large karst window, Mill Hole, and joins the trunk of the Patoka Creek Sub-basin. Their combined discharge bifurcates, flows around the collapsed central core of a larger karst window, Cedar Sink, and re-joins to flow as one to Turnhole Spring, along the south bank of Green River. The location of the major trunk streams can be inferred from the position and orientation of well-defined troughs in the piezometric surface. Flow velocities over the same 5-mile distance, erroneously assuming a straight path from Parker Cave to Mill Hole, range from 60 to 1100 ft per hour--depending on whether discharge is at flood or base flow conditions. Actual velocity extremes are probably lower and higher

Actual Versus Predicted VO2max: A Comparison of 4 Different Methods

ABSTRACT Measuring expired gases (EGs) while performing a maximal (max) effort exercise test is considered the most accurate evaluation of VO2 max. This methodology is not applicable for all populations. Submaximal (sub-max) protocols not measuring expired gases are more applicable, however their ability to accurately predict VO2max is not clear. PURPOSE: To compare VO2max results from 1) University of Houston Non-Exercise Test (UHNET), 2) McArdle Step Test (MST), 3) Bruce Protocol measuring EGs to max (Bruce-EGs), and 4) Bruce Protocol using time to max (Bruce-TM). METHODS: Recreationally active men and women {n= 24 (16M/8W); age = 25±7.7 years; body mass = 74.5±10.9kg; BMI = 24.3±2.9} completed 4 tests (on the same day) in the following order: 1) UHNET, 2) MST, 3) Bruce-EGs, and 4) Bruce-TM. For the UHNET, participants rated his/her physical activity (PAR). This was followed with a specified equation to estimate the participants VO2 max based on their PAR, age, BMI, and gender. Upon completion of the UHNET, participants performed the MST. The MST required participants to step on a 16.25inch bench at a specific cadence (different for men and women) for 3 minutes. Five seconds following the MST, radial pulse (RP) was assessed for 15 seconds. The radial pulse was converted to HR (beats/min) using the formula (RP*4). To estimate VO2max from the MST, the HR value was applied to a specific equation (different for men and women). Ten minutes after completing the MST, participants performed the Bruce protocol to max. For the Bruce Protocol, VO2max was calculated via 1) measurement of EGs and 2) the time it took to achieve max (TM). Expired gases were measured using a metabolic cart (Parvo Medics TrueOne 2400). To estimate VO2max using TM, the Bruce Protocol Time Formula (different for men and women) was applied. In addition to EGs and TM, HRmax, and Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER) were assessed. Significant differences (p2 (Bruce-EGs) and estimated VO2 (UHNET, MST, and Bruce-TM) were determined using a one-way repeated measures ANOVA. Pearson correlations and liner regression were performed to determine the relationship between the estimated and actual VO2, as well as, determine how well the estimated VO2 predicted the actual VO2. RESULTS: For the Bruce protocol, HRmax=192±10.1bpm; RER=1.2±0.1, and TM=11.29±1.5 min. For the MST, the average HR was 144±23.3bpm. The actual VO2 (46.3±9.4 ml•kg-1•min -1) was similar to the estimated VO2 from UHNET (45.7±5.6 ml•kg-1•min-1) (p=.67) and MST (47.7±10.1 ml•kg-1•min-1) (p=.32). However, the VO2 obtained from the Bruce-TM (42.3±6.7 ml•kg-1•min-1) was significantly lower (p2 . Significant correlations (p2 and all predicted VO2 values. Liner regression equations expressed an R2 of .38, .61, and .65 for UHNET, MST, and Bruce-TM, respectively. CONCLUSION: Bruce-TM provided the most accurate estimation of the actual VO2max. The MST was slightly less predictive of VO2max though still a valid predictor. The results of this study suggest that to accurately predict VO2max, individuals will need to achieve max effort but might not need to have EGs analyzed. The MST results suggest that estimating VO2max on individuals who do not achieve max effort is still a valid option though might not be as accurate as when achieving max effort. These results should be taken with caution. This study was limited by 1) a small sample size, 2) evaluated only 2 modes of exercise, 3) a potential bias due to non-randomized trials, and 4) evaluated only healthy, active individuals. Increasing the sample size, comparing more methodologies, and randomizing the trials could strengthen the validity of any future investigations

A Comparison of High-Intensity Interval Running and TABATA on Postprandial Metabolism: A Pilot Analysis

PURPOSE: Compare the postprandial response following: 1) rest, 2) high-intensity interval running (HIIR), and 3) Tabata. METHODS: Recreationally active males (n = 7; age = 24.3 ± 4.8 yrs; body mass = 86.9 ± 20.1 kg; body fat% = 23.6 ± 6.2) performed each of the 3 bouts (in a randomized order) on 3 separate mornings with at least 7 days in between each bout. All participants were fasted for 10 hours prior to each bout. Rest was sitting for 25 minutes. Tabata was 25 minutes of repeated cycles of body calisthenics at maximal effort for 20 seconds followed with 10 seconds of rest. HIIR was performed the same as Tabata except the mode of exercise was treadmill running. Heart rate (HR) was monitored during both exercise bouts. The energy expenditure (kcal) from each exercise bout was estimated using the exercise HR and a regression equation. Thirty minutes following the completion of each bout, participants ingested a 75g oral glucose solution (OGS). At 2 hours following each bout, a high-fat meal (HFM) was ingested. Blood samples were acquired just prior to each bout and at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours following the OGS. Postprandial blood samples were analyzed for glucose, insulin, and triglyceride (TG) concentration. The postprandial response was quantified via the incremental area under the curve (AUCI) using the trapezoidal method. Significant differences (p\u3c.05) in the postprandial response between the 3 bouts were determined using a one-way, repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc test. RESULTS: Average HR (bpm) during Tabata (167.6±7.1) was significantly lower (p=.04, ES= -.49) compared to HIIR (171.4±8.2). Energy expenditure was similar during Tabata (384.4 ± 35.5 kcal) and HIIR (404.5 ± 42.9 kcal) (p=.06, ES=.51). No statistically significant difference was found in the TG AUCI between rest (175.7 ± 102.6 mg· dl-1· 6hr-1) and Tabata (161.5 ± 86.8 mg· dl-1· 6hr-1) (p = .73, ES = .14) or between rest and HIIR (126.7 ± 74.6 mg· dl-1· 6hr-1) (p = .14, ES = .48). No statistically significant difference was found in the glucose AUCI between rest (80.8 ± 61.7 mg· dl-1· 6hr-1) and Tabata (41 ± 48.3 mg· dl-1· 6hr-1) (p = .29, ES = .65) or between rest and HIIR (51 ± 32.1 mg· dl-1· 6hr-1) (p = .13, ES = .48). No statistically significant difference was found in the insulin AUCI between rest (126.8 ± 55.8 µIU-1· ml∙6hr-1) and Tabata (74.5 ± 50 µIU-1· ml∙6hr-1) (p = .07, ES = .94) or between rest and HIIR (75.5 ± 33.3 µIU-1· ml∙6hr-1) (p = .13, ES = .92). CONCLUSION: Neither exercise regimen significantly reduced the postprandial TG response. The inability of either exercise bout to lower the TG response might be due to the consumption of the oral glucose solution post-exercise resulting in partial replacement of the expended energy. Previous studies have reported that partial or complete replacement of expended energy inhibits the ability of the exercise to lower the postprandial TG concentration. Despite no statistical difference, the postprandial glucose and insulin response following the exercise bouts might have been meaningful. HIIR lowered the glucose response in 6 of 7 participants by 3.5 to 71.7%. Tabata lowered the glucose response in 5 of 7 participants by 27.1 to 92.9%. HIIR lowered the insulin response in 5 of 7 participants by 10.9 to 77%. Tabata lowered the insulin response in 5 of 7 participants by 36.6 to 77.9%. The small sample size used in this study might also explain why no statistical difference was found. Previous studies evaluating Tabata-like exercises with a larger sample size have reported conflicting postprandial results. Using a larger sample size in the current study might have clarified the effectiveness of the exercises

A Comparison of the Effects of Moderate-Intensity Continuous Cycling and High-Intensity Interval Cycling on Postprandial Lipemia and Glycemia

Both moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) and high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) has been reported to reduce the magnitude of postprandial lipemia and glycemia. It is unclear if performing MICE or HIIE of similar duration and work would have a comparable effect on postprandial lipemia or glycemia. PURPOSE: Examine the postprandial lipemic and glycemic response following the completion of high-intensity interval cycling (HIIC) and moderate-intensity continuous cycling (MICC) that is of equal duration and comparable work output. METHODS: Participants were mildly active males (n = 12; age = 21.9 ± 1.8 yrs; body mass = 90.1 ± 16.8 kg; BF% = 25.9 ± 8.6). Each participant completed a graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer to determine their maximal work rate (WRmax). For the study, each participant completed a bout of 1) REST, 2) MICC, and 3) HIIC in a randomized order. Each bout was performed for 20 minutes on the afternoon of Day 1. Each bout was separated by at least 1 week. Rest involved sitting quietly in the laboratory. MICC required continuous cycling at 60% WRmax. HIIC involved 15-second cycling sprints at 120% WRmax followed with 45 seconds of cycling at 40% WRmax. A mixed meal (50% carbohydrate (CHO), 35% fat, 6.4 ± 1.2 kcal/kgBW) was provided 30 minutes following the completion of each bout. Blood samples were acquired just prior to each bout and at 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 hours following the completion of the meal (post-meal). The next morning (Day 2), following a 10-hour fast, a 2nd mixed meal was provided. Blood samples on Day 2 were acquired at 0, 2, and 4 hours post-meal. Blood samples were analyzed for glucose, insulin, and triglyceride (TG) concentration. The postprandial (PP) response was quantified via the total (AUCT)and incremental area under the curve (AUCI) using the trapezoidal method. Significant differences (pRESULTS: The average heart rate was significantly higher (p=.037, ES = 1.1) during HIIC (163.3 ± 7.3) compared to MICC (154.4 ± 8.5). Average work output (Watts) was similar between MICC (122.5 ± 25.4) and HIIC (110.3 ± 14.7) (p = .091, ES = .51). On Day 1, there was no significant difference in the PP glucose, insulin, or TG response between the 3 bouts. On Day 2, there was no significant difference in the PP glucose or insulin response. On Day 2, MICC did reduce the TG AUCT (442.9 ± 76.4mg·dl-1·4hr-1) when compared to rest (487.4 ± 104.4mg·dl-1·4hr-1) (p = .02, ES = .43). HIIC did not reduce the TG AUCT on Day 2 (454.8 ± 72.3mg·dl-1·4hr-1), (p = .076, ES = .31). There was no difference in the AUCI between the 3 bouts for any of the postprandial measurements on Day 1 or Day 2. CONCLUSION: A brief bout of MICC and HIIC does not influence the PP response when completed just prior to a mixed meal. There may be a delayed response to exercise as MICC reduced the postprandial triglyceride (PPTG) concentration when completed approximately 16 hours prior to a mixed meal. While HIIC did not reduce PPTG on Day 2 there was a trend towards a significant reduction. The delayed reduction in the PPTG concentration may be associated with a delayed increase in lipoprotein lipase activity which may occur 4 – 18 hours following the completion of exercise. The lack of change in the PP glucose and insulin response might be explained by a wide inter-individual variance as half of the participants appeared to have responded to the exercise bouts based on their PP glucose and insulin concentration

Long-term vascular access ports as a means of sedative administration in a rodent fMRI survival model

The purpose of this study is to develop a rodent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) survival model with the use of heparin-coated vascular access devices. Such a model would ease the administration of sedative agents, reduce the number of animals required in survival experiments and eliminate animal-to-animal variability seen in previous designs. Seven male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent surgical placement of an MRI-compatible vascular access port, followed by implantable electrode placement on the right median nerve. Functional MRI during nerve stimulation and resting-state functional connectivity MRI (fcMRI) were performed at times 0, 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks postoperatively using a 9.4 T scanner. Anesthesia was maintained using intravenous dexmedetomidine and reversed using atipamezole. There were no fatalities or infectious complications during this study. All vascular access ports remained patent. Blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) activation by electrical stimulation of the median nerve using implanted electrodes was seen within the forelimb sensory region (S1FL) for all animals at all time points. The number of activated voxels decreased at time points 4 and 8 weeks, returning to a normal level at 12 weeks, which is attributed to scar tissue formation and resolution around the embedded electrode. The applications of this experiment extend far beyond the scope of peripheral nerve experimentation. These vascular access ports can be applied to any survival MRI study requiring repeated medication administration, intravenous contrast, or blood sampling

Decoherence and dephasing errors caused by D.C. Stark effect in rapid ion transport

We investigate the error due to D.C. Stark effect for quantum information processing for trapped ion quantum computers using the scalable architecture proposed in J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stan. 103, 259 (1998) and Nature 417, 709 (2002). As the operation speed increases, dephasing and decoherence due to the D.C. Stark effect becomes prominent as a large electric field is applied for transporting ions rapidly. We estimate the relative significance of the decoherence and dephasing effects and find that the latter is dominant. We find that the minimum possible of dephasing is quadratic in the time of flight, and an inverse cubic in the operational time scale. From these relations, we obtain the operational speed-range at which the shifts caused by D.C. Stark effect, no matter follow which trajectory the ion is transported, are no longer negligible. Without phase correction, the maximum speed a qubit can be transferred across a 100 micron-long trap, without excessive error, in about 10 ns for Calcium ion and 50 ps for Beryllium ion. In practice, the accumulated error is difficult to be tracked and calculated, our work gives an estimation to the range of speed limit imposed by D.C. Stark effect.Comment: 7 pages, 1 figure. v2: Title is changed in this version to make our argument more focused. Introduction is rewritten. A new section IV is added to make our point more prominent. v3: Title is changed to make our argument more specific. Abstract, introduction, and summary are revise

The Effects of Video Instruction Versus Verbal Instruction on High Intensity Interval Exercise Performance: A Pilot Analysis

It has been indicated that music and motivational videos can have a positive impact on high-intensity treadmill performance in trained athletes. It has also been shown that live or recorded video exercise instructions have an overall positive effect on exercise performance accuracy in upper extremity exercises compared to written or verbal instructions in adults with no shoulder pathologies. It is unclear whether exercise instructions given via a home workout video has any effects on non-equipment based high-intensity interval exercise performance. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine whether exercising along with pre-recorded video instructions positively impacts overall exercise performance in a single bout of Tabata exercise compared to verbal and handout instructions alone. Methods: In this cross-over design, 8 (2F; 6M) sedentary, college-aged (171.5±40.7 lbs; 67.6±3in; 21.3±1.5yrs) individuals participated in two randomized intervention groups: 1) Tabata with video instructions on a computer screen (V) and 2) Tabata without video instruction (NV). The Tabata workout consisted of five total sessions. Each session was composed of two rounds, with each round containing four exercises each lasting 20 seconds followed by 10 seconds of rest. Following the completion of a session, participants were given a 60 second rest period. The total duration of the exercise was 25 minutes. During the recovery period, the participants’ heart rate (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded. Prior(pre) and immediately following the completion of exercise(post), participants were given the felt arousal scale (FAS) and the 10-centimeter visual analog fatigue scale (FS) to assess participants arousal and overall fatigue. Significant differences (p\u3c0.05) for average RPE for each trial along with the pre and post FAS and FS for each trial was determined using a Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test. Significant differences between HR were analyzed using a Student\u27s T-test (p\u3c0.05). Results: The results of the dependent samples Wilcoxon test did not reveal any significant differences between NVFASPre and VFASpre (p=0.783), NVFASpost and VFASpost (p=0.71), NVFSpre and VFSpre (p=.401), NVFSpost and VFSpost (p=0.401) and NVRPE and VRPE (p=0.779). The student\u27s t-test also did not reveal any significant differences between NVHR and VHR (174.3 ± 18.4 & 174.3 ± 13.2 BPM; p=.359). Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that there was no significant difference in exercise performance, arousal, intensity, and fatigue between instructions given visually or verbally. However, the preference of the participants for instruction was verbal rather than visual. Comments from the participants included that the person demonstrating the exercises in the video reduced their self-efficacy, because they could not keep up. Limitations of this study were the small sample size, not counting the number of repetitions for each exercise, and population of the participants. Future research should address these limitations

Towards Precision LSST Weak-Lensing Measurement - I: Impacts of Atmospheric Turbulence and Optical Aberration

The weak-lensing science of the LSST project drives the need to carefully model and separate the instrumental artifacts from the intrinsic lensing signal. The dominant source of the systematics for all ground based telescopes is the spatial correlation of the PSF modulated by both atmospheric turbulence and optical aberrations. In this paper, we present a full FOV simulation of the LSST images by modeling both the atmosphere and the telescope optics with the most current data for the telescope specifications and the environment. To simulate the effects of atmospheric turbulence, we generated six-layer phase screens with the parameters estimated from the on-site measurements. For the optics, we combined the ray-tracing tool ZEMAX and our simulated focal plane data to introduce realistic aberrations and focal plane height fluctuations. Although this expected flatness deviation for LSST is small compared with that of other existing cameras, the fast f-ratio of the LSST optics makes this focal plane flatness variation and the resulting PSF discontinuities across the CCD boundaries significant challenges in our removal of the systematics. We resolve this complication by performing PCA CCD-by-CCD, and interpolating the basis functions using conventional polynomials. We demonstrate that this PSF correction scheme reduces the residual PSF ellipticity correlation below 10^-7 over the cosmologically interesting scale. From a null test using HST/UDF galaxy images without input shear, we verify that the amplitude of the galaxy ellipticity correlation function, after the PSF correction, is consistent with the shot noise set by the finite number of objects. Therefore, we conclude that the current optical design and specification for the accuracy in the focal plane assembly are sufficient to enable the control of the PSF systematics required for weak-lensing science with the LSST.Comment: Accepted to PASP. High-resolution version is available at http://dls.physics.ucdavis.edu/~mkjee/LSST_weak_lensing_simulation.pd