Reactive nitrogen in the Spanish agri-food sector: environmental impact on atmosphere, soils, water and resources.

The presence of reactive species of nitrogen (N) in the biosphere might cause environmental impacts at local, regional and global scales. Nowadays the N flows generated by human activities greatly exceed natural processes, thus a necessity exists of identifying and quantifying the current state of environmental N loads. The aim of this work is to quantify the amount of reactive N used in the Spanish agri-food sector, assessing the related potential environmental impacts and potential uses of resources. Data from a previously calculated N flow analysis in the Spanish agricultural and food production system for the 1996-2000 time period were used. Total anthropogenic N inputs to the systems were calculated. Input and output flows were considered in each economic compartment in order to calculate use efficiency (ratio of useful outputs to total inputs), eco-efficiency (ratio of useful outputs to outputs to the environment) and recycling rate (ratio of flow recycled to an earlier life-cycle compartment divided by total outputs). Environmental impacts were assessed by quantifying the N balance between the economic and the environmental subsystems: water, atmosphere, ecosystems soils and other soils. In this case agricultural soils were also considered an environmental compartment, since they are an important intermediate path to the environment. The impact on resources was evaluated considering the net N imports into the system and legume fixing crops, pastures and forages versus feed and fertilizers within the system. Anthropogenic N inputs are relatively high in Spain, which is a net importer of nitrogen, mainly in fertilizers and food and feed commodities. Environmental compartments receive relative high amounts of reactive nitrogen, especially soils. Furthermore, there was a relative low use of domestic resources, with a low proportion of N recycled within the system

Identification and selection of an environmental indicator set from a reactive nitrogen flow analysis framework

Reactive nitrogen loads causes important impacts on the environment (Soler-Rovira et al., 2008) so its flows and key sources and drivers knowledge are essential for developing management and policy options (De Clercq et al., 2001). The use of environmental indicators will help to understand a complex issue and facilitate decision making (EEA, 2005). The aim of this work is to apply a previous N flow analysis as a framework for the identification and selection of a set of environmental indicators pertaining to reactive N in the Spanish agricultural and food production sector

Indicadores del estado nutricional del cultivo en la fertilización nitrogenada de la remolacha azucarera

La gestión de nutrientes en un cultivo implica un manejo adecuado de la fertilización, teniendo en cuenta la evaluación de la fertilidad de los suelos y el estado nutricional de las plantas, con el objetivo de maximizar los rendimientos y las rentas, así como minimizar el impacto sobre el medio ambiente. El nitrógeno es un elemento imprescindible en la nutrición vegetal, afectando de manera importante al crecimiento y al rendimiento de los cultivos. El flujo de nitrógeno en el sistema suelo-planta es muy complejo y en él intervienen una gran cantidad de factores difíciles de controlar y de cuantificar. El exceso de nitrógeno reactivo en la biosfera produce, además, una serie de impactos sobre el agua, la atmósfera, los suelos, la biodiversidad y la salud humana. Por otro lado, la fabricación de abonos nitrogenados requiere una cantidad importante de recursos y energía. Estos condicionantes van a establecer el marco de una correcta gestión del uso del nitrógeno en los cultivos, en general y, en el cultivo de remolacha azucarera, en particular

Hacia el concepto de moda sostenible

¿Cómo se puede establecer un “consumo responsable” en moda? Procesos de creación y nuevos hábitos de consumo se suman para construir un panorama más razonable que haga posible un sistema de la moda sostenibl

A double closed loop to enhance the quality of life of Parkinson's disease patients: REMPARK system

This paper presents REMPARK system, a novel approach to deal with Parkinson's Disease (PD). REMPARK system comprises two closed loops of actuation onto PD. The first loop consists in a wearable system that, based on a belt-worn movement sensor, detects movement alterations that activate an auditory cueing system controlled by a smartphone in order to improve patient's gait. The belt-worn sensor analyzes patient's movement through real-time learning algorithms that were developed on the basis of a database previously collected from 93 PD patients. The second loop consists in disease management based on the data collected during long periods and that enables neurologists to tailor medication of their PD patients and follow the disease evolution. REMPARK system is going to be tested in 40 PD patients in Spain, Ireland, Italy and Israel. This paper describes the approach followed to obtain this system, its components, functionalities and trials in which the system will be validated.Postprint (published version

Chlorophyll content variability in different sugarbeet crop cultivars

Measurement of chlorophyll content with portable meters is an easy way to quantify crop nutrient status, but meter readings are affected by different factors (Martinez and Guiamet, 2004), among which cultivar plays an important role (Chapman and Barreto, 1997). The aim of this work was to study the effect of crop cultivar on chlorophyll readings and to study the relationship of chlorophyll content with yield, quality and other eco-physiological and biochemical parameter

Nitrogen fertilization effect on sugarbeet crop yield and quality

Nitrogen is an essential element in sugarbeet crop growth and yield. However, overfertilization may increase input costs and reduce root quality and sugar production efficiency (Gordo, 2003). Moreover, excess nitrogen causes environmental impacts, so an improved N management is essential to achieve crop sustainability. The aim of this work was to study the effect of nitrogen fertilization on sugarbeet crop yield and quality in the North cultivation zone of Spain

Nitrogen fertilization effect on sugarbeet crop growth and radiation interception

Nitrogen is an essential element in crop growth, yield and quality, while, an improved N management must reduce potential environmental impact. Crop yield is highly correlated with the amount of solar radiation intercepted by the canopy during crop growth cycle, so foliage development is important for growth and yield (Malnou et al., 2006). The aim of this work is to study the effect of nitrogen fertilization on sugarbeet crop growth and radiation use efficiency and interception in a temperate cultivation zone

Influence of Aerospace Standard Surface Pretreatment on the Intermetallic Phases and CeCC of 2024-T3 Al-Cu Alloy

A standard three-step surface pretreatment employed in the aerospace sector for Al alloys have been investigated prior to the generation of cerium conversion coatings (CeCC) on aluminiumcopper alloy 2024. Two pretreatments were analysed, one without final acid etching (Pretreatment 1) and another with this step (Pretreatment 2). Both pretreatments affect the alloy intermetallic phases, playing a key role in the development of the CeCC, and also in the susceptibility to localised corrosion in NaCl medium. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX) revealed that after Pretreatment 2, Al(Cu,Mg) phases were partially or totally removed through dealloying with their subsequent copper enrichment. Conversely, none of these intermetallic phases were affected when the final acid step was not employed (Pretreatment 1). Meanwhile, Al-Cu-Fe-Mn-(Si) phases, the other major Al–Cu alloys intermetallics, suffers minor changes through the whole pretreatments chain. The protective efficiency of CeCC was evaluated using electrochemical techniques based on linear polarisation (LP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Samples with CeCC deposited after the Pretreatment 1 gave higher polarisation resistance and impedance module than CeCC deposited after Pretreatment 2. SEM-EDX and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis (XPS) indicate that the main factors explaining the corrosion resistance of the coatings is the existence of Al(Cu,Mg) intermetallics in the surface of the alloy, which promote the deposition of a cerium-based coating rich in Ce4+ compounds. These Al(Cu,Mg) intermetallics were kept in the 2024 alloy when acid etching was not employed (Pretreatment 1)