Development Studies Working Paper, no. 10

The territory known as Ciskei - an independent national state - and its de facto residents, known as Ciskeians, are the administrative, organisational and financial responsibility of the Ciskei government. As such, this government plans strategies aimed at promoting development for Ciskeians in its territory. Very broadly, 'development' is understood to mean the improvement of the life chances and living conditions of Ciskeians, and of poorer Ciskeians in particular (Ward, 1980). The Ciskei government, by its very nature, thus sees itself as intimately involved in the creation and implementation of a development strategy focussed on its territory. This paper has three interrelated aims. First, a demographic and socio-economic profile of Ciskei will be presented. This will be attempted by using such generally accepted indicators as trends in population, gross national product, unemployment rates, and per capita income. In addition, three types of classification will be introduced to sharpen this profile. Ciskeian resident communities will be grouped together, on the basis of their location and access to productive activities, into (i) urban communities, (ii) rural villages, and (iii) closer settlements. In the second place, cash- -earning workers will be grouped together, on the basis of their places of residence and of work, into (i) Ciskeian workers, (ii) frontier commuters (Riekert, 1979), and (iii) migrants. Finally, a distinction will be drawn between the income accruing to resident Ciskeian households (i) which is earned within Ciskei itself, and (ii) which is earned outside Ciskei.Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER

Investigation of the Frequency of Plasmid-Dependent Quinolone Resistance Genes in Klebsiella Pneumoniae, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and Escherichia Coli Isolated from Surgical Site Infections

Background & aim: In recent years, the rate of antibiotic resistance has been increasing which has led to the limitation of ways to control hospital infections (especially surgical site infections) and accurate treatment options. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine and investigate the frequency of plasmid-dependent quinolone resistance genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli isolated from surgical site infections. Methods: The present cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 45 isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli isolated from surgical site infections of patients hospitalized at Yasuj hospitals in 2018. After identifying the isolates, they were checked for resistance to quinolone drugs by diffusion method from agar disk. Then, quinolone resistant isolates were examined for the presence of qnrB, qnrA and qnrS genes using PCR method. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistical tests and SPSS version 25 software. Results: The highest rate of antibiotic resistance to Ciprofloxacin was 75.7%, and the rate of resistance to Levofloxacin and Ofloxacin were 73.3 and 62.2 percent, respectively; 24 (70.6%) isolates had at least one qnr gene, among these 24 isolates, 7 (20.6%) isolates contained qnrB gene, 4 (11.8%) isolates contained qnrA gene and 13 (2. 38 percent) isolates carried the qnrS gene. The results of the present study indicated the high prevalence of quinolone resistance due to plasmid (70.7%) among all isolates resistant to quinolones. Conclusion: The final results of the present study indicated that the level of resistance to quinolone antibiotics in gram-negative bacteria isolated from surgical site infections had a high and significant prevalence, hence the use of appropriate treatment methods and correct and rational prescription antibiotics by physicians are correspondingly significant in their control

Femtosecond photoelectron diffraction on laser-aligned molecules: Towards time-resolved imaging of molecular structure

We demonstrate an experimental method to record snapshot diffraction images of polyatomic gas-phase molecules, which can, in a next step, be used to probe time-dependent changes in the molecular geometry during photochemical reactions with femtosecond temporal and angstrom spatial resolution. Adiabatically laser-aligned 1-ethynyl-4-fluorobenzene (C8H5F) molecules were imaged by diffraction of photoelectrons with kinetic energies between 31 and 62 eV, created from core ionization of the fluorine (1s) level by 4880 fs x-ray free-electronlaser pulses. Comparison of the experimental photoelectron angular distributions with density functional theory calculations allows relating the diffraction images to the molecular structur