Utilização de NaCl no suplemento como alternativa para viabilizar o creep feeding.

Foram utilizados 32 bezerros Canchim lactentes, alojados em sistema de pastejo rotacionado intensivo de capim-Marandu, divididos em três grupos correspondentes aos tratamentos avaliados: Controle (sem Creep-feeding); SAL5 (adicao de 5% de NaCl ao concentrado fornecido no Creep-feedding). O arraçoamento em cocho de privativo teve duração de 90 dias, dividido em três subperíodos de 30 dias cada um. O ganho de peso corporal foi a maior (P<0,05) nos subperíodos 1 e 2 para os tratamentos SAL 10 e SAL 5, respectivamente. Não houve diferença no terceiro subperíodo total, o tratamento SAL 10(0,91 Kg/cab/dia) foi superior (P<0,05) ao tratamento controle (0,81 kg/cab/dia)

Limitação do requerimento microbiano em energia metabolizável fermentável ou proteína degradável na suplementação do pasto de inverno de vacas Canchim.

Scanea

Comparative efficacy versus effectiveness of initial antiretroviral therapy in clinical trials versus routine care

BACKGROUND: The applicability of clinical trial findings (efficacy) to the routine care setting (effectiveness) may be limited because of study eligibility criteria and volunteer bias. Although well-chronicled in many conditions, the efficacy versus effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART) remains understudied. METHODS: A retrospective study of the University of Alabama at Birmingham 1917 Clinic Cohort evaluated ART-naive patients who started ART from 1 January 2000 through 31 December 2006. Patients received ART through clinical trials or routine care. Multivariable logistic and linear regression models were fit to evaluate factors associated with virological failure (virological failure was defined as a viral load \u3e50 copies/mL) and change from baseline CD4+ cell count 6 and 12 months after ART initiation. Sensitivity analyses evaluated the impact of missing data on outcomes. RESULTS: Among 570 patients starting ART during the study period, 121 (21%) enrolled in clinical trials, and 449 (79%) received ART via routine care. ART receipt through routine care was not associated with viral failure at either 6 months (odds ratio [OR], 1.00; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.54-1.86) or 12 months (OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 0.80-3.05) in primary analyses. No statistically significant differences in CD4+ cell count responses at 6 and 12 months were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Although marked differences in efficacy versus effectiveness have been observed in the therapeutic outcomes of other conditions, our analyses found no evidence of such divergence among our patients who initiated antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus infection

Comparação de sistemas para nutrição de bovinos nas diferentes fases do modelo de produção intensiva de carne. II- Suplementação de bezerros lactentes.

Foram utilizados 29 bezerros Canchim lactentes, alojados em sistemas de pastejo rotacionado intensivo de capim marandu, recebendo ad libitum suplementos trabalhados por três sistemas de ajuste de dietas: Sistema de proteína metabolizável - MP; Sistema de proteína e carboidratos líquidos de Cornell - CNCPS; e sistemas de proteína digestivel no intestino - PDI. O arroçoamento em cocho privativo (creep-feeding) teve duração de140 dias, subdivididos em 4 período de 35 dias. No 3. e 4. períodos houve superioridade dos tratamentos PDI e MP, respectivamente, não existindo diferenças entre os tratamentos no período total, com média de ganho de peso de 1kg/cab/dia

The Depth and Dynamics of Context: Tracing the Sources and Channels of Engagement and Disengagement in Students' Response to Literature

In this article, we analyze one coauthor's 12th-grade English class, focusing on a small group of students who interpreted the character of Gertrude in Hamlet through a body biography, a life-sized human outline that students filled with words and images that represented their understanding of the character. We analyze the body biography production as a function of the social context of activity and then analyze the processes of composition involved in their production. Analysis of the data reveals that (a) the students exhibited different degrees of commitment to and involvement in the group task, (b) the degree of equity in productivity and social relations varied within the group in accordance with these different degrees of engagement, and (c) the inequity in social relations and contributions to the group product belied the degree to which the final interpretive product met the teacher's assessment criteria. We conclude with a reconsideration of the notion of engagement that includes attention to both the immediate social relations within the classroom and the histories of engagement that students bring to class.Yeshttps://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/manuscript-submission-guideline

Epistasis: Obstacle or Advantage for Mapping Complex Traits?

Identification of genetic loci in complex traits has focused largely on one-dimensional genome scans to search for associations between single markers and the phenotype. There is mounting evidence that locus interactions, or epistasis, are a crucial component of the genetic architecture of biologically relevant traits. However, epistasis is often viewed as a nuisance factor that reduces power for locus detection. Counter to expectations, recent work shows that fitting full models, instead of testing marker main effect and interaction components separately, in exhaustive multi-locus genome scans can have higher power to detect loci when epistasis is present than single-locus scans, and improvement that comes despite a much larger multiple testing alpha-adjustment in such searches. We demonstrate, both theoretically and via simulation, that the expected power to detect loci when fitting full models is often larger when these loci act epistatically than when they act additively. Additionally, we show that the power for single locus detection may be improved in cases of epistasis compared to the additive model. Our exploration of a two step model selection procedure shows that identifying the true model is difficult. However, this difficulty is certainly not exacerbated by the presence of epistasis, on the contrary, in some cases the presence of epistasis can aid in model selection. The impact of allele frequencies on both power and model selection is dramatic

The Genetic Consequences of Habitat Fragmentation

Volume: 77Start Page: 13End Page: 2

Antibiotic resistance and population structure in Escherichia coli from free-ranging African yellow baboons.

Two collections of Escherichia coli from human hosts and one from free-ranging African yellow baboons were examined for the ability to utilize various sugars (biotype) and for resistance to antibiotics. The frequency of antibiotic resistance in the E. coli flora of baboons that feed regularly in village garbage dumps was found to be no greater than that in baboons not associated with human habitation. The frequency of antibiotic resistance in E. coli isolated from baboons is similar to that in E. coli isolated from humans before the widespread use of antibiotics but significantly lower than that in recent isolates from humans. The biotype data indicate that the amount and distribution of genetic variation in the E. coli among free-ranging baboon troops are similar to those in isolates from humans. However, E. coli isolates from baboons are able to utilize a greater variety of sugars as their sole carbon source, possibly because of a greater variety of sugars in the baboon diet