12 research outputs found

    Détermination du cadmium disponible pour des plantes cultivées sur un sol pollué en éléments traces suite à des épandages d'eaux usées non épurées

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    *INRA CR Bordeaux, Unité d'Agronomie Diffusion du document : INRA CR Bordeaux, Unité d'Agronomi

    Contribution des pratiques culturales (irrigation et fertilisation azotĂ©e) Ă  la gestion des populations de pucerons en verger fruitier : Cas des systĂšmes pĂȘcher - puceron vert du pĂȘcher (Prunus persica - Myzus persicae) et pommier - puceron cendrĂ© (Malus domestica - Dysaphis plantaginea)

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    Aphids are major pests of important fruit trees in France, especially peach and appletrees. In order to reduce chemical use, various alternatives can be implemented for themanagement of aphids in orchards. This thesis starts by a review of the different alternativemanagement methods and their positioning at different aphid life cycle stages. Then our workfocuses on the study of the effects of modulation of host plant characteristics, through culturalpractices, on aphid abundance. Our study is based on the Plant Vigor Hypothesis which statesthat phytophagous insects are more performant on vigorous plant or organ. Thus, in theexperimental part we combined dynamic assessment of vegetative growth and aphid abundanceduring two factorial experiments: Prunus persica – Myzus persicae (2 levels of water supply ×2 levels of nitrogen supply) and Malus domestica – Dysaphis plantaginea (2 levels of watersupply × 2 tree genotypes). We chose those factors for their possible impact on vegetativegrowth and nutritional quality of the host plant. We conducted the experiments on young nonbearingpotted trees. At shoot scale, aphid abundance is positively correlated to vegetativegrowth for both studied systems. On peach tree, the positive impact of nitrogen availability onaphid abundance seems to be mediated by the strong positive impact of nitrogen on vegetativegrowth. The negative effect of water restriction on aphid abundance seems to be unrelated toan impact of water availability on vegetative growth. Thus on the second studied system: appletree – rosy apple aphid, we chose to vary water supply and to work on two genotypes to test thegenericity of the observed pattern. At shoot scale, water restriction has a positive effect on aphidabundance on one tree genotype and a negative effect on the other one, whereas at tree scalefor both tree genotypes aphid abundance is positively correlated to vegetative growth and waterrestriction negatively impacts aphid abundance. These results suggest that aphid performanceon water restricted trees is limited by another host plant characteristics than vegetative growth.This thesis shows that water restriction and vigour management through nitrogen fertilizationcan be implemented to manage aphids in fruit orchards. However, the patterns evidenced aredependent on tree genotype and on the scale of analysis. The applicability of these alternativemethods remains to be assessed in producing orchards, taking into account the effects of waterand nitrogen restrictions on fruit production.Les pucerons sont des ravageurs importants des principales espĂšces fruitiĂšres en France, pĂȘcher et pommier notamment. Dans le but de rĂ©duire l’usage des produits phytosanitaires, diffĂ©rentes alternatives sont envisagĂ©es pour contrĂŽler les pucerons en verger. Nous avons commencĂ© ce travail de thĂšse par une synthĂšse des diffĂ©rentes mĂ©thodes alternatives de contrĂŽle envisageables et leur positionnement au cours des diffĂ©rentes Ă©tapes du cycle biologique du puceron. Puis nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© les effets de la modulation des caractĂ©ristiques de la plante hĂŽte, via les pratiques culturales, sur l’abondance des pucerons. Notre Ă©tude se base sur l’hypothĂšse « Plant Vigor » qui Ă©nonce que les insectes phytophages sont plus performants sur les plantes ou les organes de forte vigueur. Par consĂ©quent, sur nos deux dispositifs expĂ©rimentaux factoriels nous avons combinĂ© des suivis dynamiques de croissance vĂ©gĂ©tative et d’abondance de pucerons : Prunus persica - Myzus persicae (2 niveaux d’irrigation × 2 niveaux d’apport azotĂ©) et Malus domestica - Dysaphis plantaginea (2 niveaux d’irrigation × 2 gĂ©notypes d’arbre). Les facteurs ont Ă©tĂ© choisis pour leur impact potentiel sur la croissance vĂ©gĂ©tative et la qualitĂ© nutritionnelle de la plante hĂŽte. Les expĂ©rimentations ont Ă©tĂ© menĂ©es sur de jeunes arbres en pot, ne portant pas de fruit. Au niveau du rameau, l’abondance des pucerons est positivement corrĂ©lĂ©e Ă  la croissance vĂ©gĂ©tative sur les deux systĂšmes Ă©tudiĂ©s. Sur pĂȘcher, la relation disponibilitĂ© en azote et abondance de pucerons semble ĂȘtre mĂ©diĂ©e par le fort impact de l’azote sur la croissance vĂ©gĂ©tative. L’effet nĂ©gatif de la restriction hydrique sur l’abondance de pucerons ne semble pas liĂ© Ă  un impact sur la croissance vĂ©gĂ©tative. Aussi sur le second systĂšme Ă©tudiĂ© : pommier-puceron cendrĂ©, nous avons choisi de faire varier les apports en eau et de travailler sur deux gĂ©notypes, pour tester la gĂ©nĂ©ricitĂ© de la rĂ©ponse observĂ©e. A l’échelle du rameau, l’effet de la restriction hydrique sur l’abondance de pucerons est nĂ©gatif pour un gĂ©notype et positif pour l’autre. Par contre Ă  l’échelle de l’arbre, sur les deux gĂ©notypes l’abondance de pucerons est corrĂ©lĂ©e positivement Ă  la croissance vĂ©gĂ©tative et la restriction hydrique impacte nĂ©gativement l’abondance de pucerons, ce qui suggĂšre que la performance des pucerons est limitĂ©e sur les arbres en restriction hydrique par une autre composante que la vigueur de l’arbre. Ce travail de thĂšse montre que la restriction hydrique et le contrĂŽle de la vigueur via les apports azotĂ©s peuvent s’avĂ©rer ĂȘtre des leviers pour le contrĂŽle des pucerons en verger fruitier. Cependant les relations mises en Ă©vidence sont dĂ©pendantes du gĂ©notype, ainsi que de l’échelle d’analyse. Il reste Ă  Ă©valuer l’applicabilitĂ© de telles mesures sur des arbres en conditions de production, en prenant en compte notamment l’effet des restrictions hydrique et azotĂ©e sur la production fruitiĂšre

    Contribution of cultural practices (irrigation and nitrogen fertilisation) to aphid management in fruit orchard : Study cases peach tree - green peach aphid (Prunus persica - Myzus persicae) and apple tree - rosy apple aphid (Malus domestica - Dysaphis plantaginea)

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    Les pucerons sont des ravageurs importants des principales espĂšces fruitiĂšres en France, pĂȘcher et pommier notamment. Dans le but de rĂ©duire l’usage des produits phytosanitaires, diffĂ©rentes alternatives sont envisagĂ©es pour contrĂŽler les pucerons en verger. Nous avons commencĂ© ce travail de thĂšse par une synthĂšse des diffĂ©rentes mĂ©thodes alternatives de contrĂŽle envisageables et leur positionnement au cours des diffĂ©rentes Ă©tapes du cycle biologique du puceron. Puis nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© les effets de la modulation des caractĂ©ristiques de la plante hĂŽte, via les pratiques culturales, sur l’abondance des pucerons. Notre Ă©tude se base sur l’hypothĂšse « Plant Vigor » qui Ă©nonce que les insectes phytophages sont plus performants sur les plantes ou les organes de forte vigueur. Par consĂ©quent, sur nos deux dispositifs expĂ©rimentaux factoriels nous avons combinĂ© des suivis dynamiques de croissance vĂ©gĂ©tative et d’abondance de pucerons : Prunus persica - Myzus persicae (2 niveaux d’irrigation × 2 niveaux d’apport azotĂ©) et Malus domestica - Dysaphis plantaginea (2 niveaux d’irrigation × 2 gĂ©notypes d’arbre). Les facteurs ont Ă©tĂ© choisis pour leur impact potentiel sur la croissance vĂ©gĂ©tative et la qualitĂ© nutritionnelle de la plante hĂŽte. Les expĂ©rimentations ont Ă©tĂ© menĂ©es sur de jeunes arbres en pot, ne portant pas de fruit. Au niveau du rameau, l’abondance des pucerons est positivement corrĂ©lĂ©e Ă  la croissance vĂ©gĂ©tative sur les deux systĂšmes Ă©tudiĂ©s. Sur pĂȘcher, la relation disponibilitĂ© en azote et abondance de pucerons semble ĂȘtre mĂ©diĂ©e par le fort impact de l’azote sur la croissance vĂ©gĂ©tative. L’effet nĂ©gatif de la restriction hydrique sur l’abondance de pucerons ne semble pas liĂ© Ă  un impact sur la croissance vĂ©gĂ©tative. Aussi sur le second systĂšme Ă©tudiĂ© : pommier-puceron cendrĂ©, nous avons choisi de faire varier les apports en eau et de travailler sur deux gĂ©notypes, pour tester la gĂ©nĂ©ricitĂ© de la rĂ©ponse observĂ©e. A l’échelle du rameau, l’effet de la restriction hydrique sur l’abondance de pucerons est nĂ©gatif pour un gĂ©notype et positif pour l’autre. Par contre Ă  l’échelle de l’arbre, sur les deux gĂ©notypes l’abondance de pucerons est corrĂ©lĂ©e positivement Ă  la croissance vĂ©gĂ©tative et la restriction hydrique impacte nĂ©gativement l’abondance de pucerons, ce qui suggĂšre que la performance des pucerons est limitĂ©e sur les arbres en restriction hydrique par une autre composante que la vigueur de l’arbre. Ce travail de thĂšse montre que la restriction hydrique et le contrĂŽle de la vigueur via les apports azotĂ©s peuvent s’avĂ©rer ĂȘtre des leviers pour le contrĂŽle des pucerons en verger fruitier. Cependant les relations mises en Ă©vidence sont dĂ©pendantes du gĂ©notype, ainsi que de l’échelle d’analyse. Il reste Ă  Ă©valuer l’applicabilitĂ© de telles mesures sur des arbres en conditions de production, en prenant en compte notamment l’effet des restrictions hydrique et azotĂ©e sur la production fruitiĂšre.Aphids are major pests of important fruit trees in France, especially peach and appletrees. In order to reduce chemical use, various alternatives can be implemented for themanagement of aphids in orchards. This thesis starts by a review of the different alternativemanagement methods and their positioning at different aphid life cycle stages. Then our workfocuses on the study of the effects of modulation of host plant characteristics, through culturalpractices, on aphid abundance. Our study is based on the Plant Vigor Hypothesis which statesthat phytophagous insects are more performant on vigorous plant or organ. Thus, in theexperimental part we combined dynamic assessment of vegetative growth and aphid abundanceduring two factorial experiments: Prunus persica – Myzus persicae (2 levels of water supply ×2 levels of nitrogen supply) and Malus domestica – Dysaphis plantaginea (2 levels of watersupply × 2 tree genotypes). We chose those factors for their possible impact on vegetativegrowth and nutritional quality of the host plant. We conducted the experiments on young nonbearingpotted trees. At shoot scale, aphid abundance is positively correlated to vegetativegrowth for both studied systems. On peach tree, the positive impact of nitrogen availability onaphid abundance seems to be mediated by the strong positive impact of nitrogen on vegetativegrowth. The negative effect of water restriction on aphid abundance seems to be unrelated toan impact of water availability on vegetative growth. Thus on the second studied system: appletree – rosy apple aphid, we chose to vary water supply and to work on two genotypes to test thegenericity of the observed pattern. At shoot scale, water restriction has a positive effect on aphidabundance on one tree genotype and a negative effect on the other one, whereas at tree scalefor both tree genotypes aphid abundance is positively correlated to vegetative growth and waterrestriction negatively impacts aphid abundance. These results suggest that aphid performanceon water restricted trees is limited by another host plant characteristics than vegetative growth.This thesis shows that water restriction and vigour management through nitrogen fertilizationcan be implemented to manage aphids in fruit orchards. However, the patterns evidenced aredependent on tree genotype and on the scale of analysis. The applicability of these alternativemethods remains to be assessed in producing orchards, taking into account the effects of waterand nitrogen restrictions on fruit production

    Dispositif de de caractérisatioon simultanée de l'abondance de pucerons et de la croissance végétative d'arbres fruitiers

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    L’optimisation des pratiques culturales, en particulier l’irrigation et la fertilisation azotĂ©e, peut permettre de rĂ©duire la performance des pucerons sur les arbres et ainsi contribuer Ă  diminuer l’usage des pesticides. La mĂ©thode proposĂ©e dans cet article permet un suivi temporel du couple arbre-puceron sous diffĂ©rentes contraintes abiotiques. Elle vise Ă  caractĂ©riser, d’une part, la croissance vĂ©gĂ©tative et l’état physiologique de la plante hĂŽte et d’autre part, le niveau d’infestation des pucerons. Cette mĂ©thode se base sur des notations en classe d’abondance des pucerons et sur des descriptions architecturales de l’arbre. Elle a Ă©tĂ© appliquĂ©e aux couples pĂȘcher-Myzus persicae et pommier-Dysaphis plantaginea

    Combining irrigation, fertilisation and pruning techniques helps control aphid populations in apple and peach orchards

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    ARIMNET (ANR-12-AGR001) "APMed" project (Apple and Peach in Mediterranean orchard and by the ONEMA-ECOPHYTO (3Ăšme APR RĂ©sistance et Pesticides) "RegPuc" (Quelles strategies d'irrigation et de fertilisation pour rĂ©guler les population de pucerons vert en vergers de pĂȘcher) projectPeach green aphid and rosy aphids can develop resistance to insecticides. Alternative strategies are therefore required to control these major pests in commercial orchards. To identify the key plant variables which determine tree resistance and could be manipulated by usual cultural practices we submitted potted peach and apple trees to contrasted water and nitrogen inputs. The trees were then artificially infected and the infestation dynamic followed in line with shoot development and apex composition. The high infested shoots grew faster, developed more secondary ramifications and their apices had higher amino acid and soluble sugar concentrations than the low infested shoots. Moreover, aphids preferred trees having a small number of fast growing shoots to others, having the same number of leaves being distributed among a higher number of smaller shoots. Irrigation and fertilisation could thus be used to improve tree resistance to aphids since those techniques contribute to the control of shoot development and composition

    Rosy apple abundance is shaped by vegetative growth and water status

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    Regulated deficit irrigation, which is a common practice to cope with water scarcity, can impact plant-aphid interactions, and possibly lead to a reduction in the use of pesticides. To test the possible effect of water restriction on the apple tree-rosy apple aphid (Malus domestica-Dysaphis plantaginea) system, we performed a factorial experiment with two levels of water supply and two genotypes on artificially infested trees. Plant growth and aphid abundance were characterised during the entire infestation period at two scales of analysis: the apical shoot scale and the tree scale, and additional measures were performed to evaluate plant water status. Aphid abundance increased with plant vegetative growth at both scales of analysis, which is consistent with the Plant Vigor Hypothesis (i.e. with the fact that most of the phloem feeders prefer fast growing plants). At the tree scale, aphid abundance was lower on trees that underwent water restriction, but at the shoot scale, aphid abundance responded differently to water restriction depending on the tree genotype. Water restriction modified the relationship between aphid abundance and growth, thus indicating that host suitability for aphids was affected by different plant variables susceptible to water stress, among which growth. The different response patterns at the two scales of analysis highlight the importance of scale choice in the study of plant-insect interactions

    Harnessing the aphid life cycle to reduce insecticide reliance in apple and peach orchards. A review

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    Apple and peach orchards are chemical intensive systems, and aphids are one of their major pests. Aphids alter fruiting and shoot development, and they can spread viruses. Decades of insecticide use have developed aphid resistance, which calls on research to provide alternatives to chemicals for pest management. Here, we review the literature to identify, for each stage of the aphid life cycle, existing alternatives based on either top-down (i.e. aphid predation or parasitism) or bottom up (i.e. increase of host plant resistance) processes. Firstly, it was found that most studies focus on top- down processes, namely on conservation biological control aiming to preserve existing populations of natural enemies: predators, parasitoids and nematodes. This is achieved by (i) providing shelters (i.e. planting hedges, weed or flower strips) or alternative preys in periods of aphid scarcity or (ii) choosing chemicals with the lowest disruptive effects. Those methods prove more efficient when used early in the season, i.e. before the exponential increase of aphid populations. Fostering the complex of natural enemies is also preferable than just supporting one single enemy. Secondly, other techniques, like (i) releasing biological control agents (entomopathogenic fungi, nematodes) or (ii) using pheromone lures to pre- vent autumnal sexual reproduction, are currently adapte

    Severity of COVID-19 and survival in patients with rheumatic and inflammatory diseases: data from the French RMD COVID-19 cohort of 694 patients

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    International audienceObjectives: There is little known about the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on patients with inflammatory rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (iRMD). We examined epidemiological characteristics associated with severe disease, then with death. We also compared mortality between patients hospitalised for COVID-19 with and without iRMD.Methods: Individuals with suspected iRMD-COVID-19 were included in this French cohort. Logistic regression models adjusted for age and sex were used to estimate adjusted ORs and 95% CIs of severe COVID-19. The most significant clinically relevant factors were analysed by multivariable penalised logistic regression models, using a forward selection method. The death rate of hospitalised patients with iRMD-COVID-19 (moderate-severe) was compared with a subset of patients with non-iRMD-COVID-19 from a French hospital matched for age, sex, and comorbidities.Results: Of 694 adults, 438 (63%) developed mild (not hospitalised), 169 (24%) moderate (hospitalised out of the intensive care unit (ICU) and 87 (13%) severe (patients in ICU/deceased) disease. In multivariable imputed analyses, the variables associated with severe infection were age (OR=1.08, 95% CI: 1.05-1.10), female gender (OR=0.45, 95% CI: 0.25-0.80), body mass index (OR=1.07, 95% CI: 1.02-1.12), hypertension (OR=1.86, 95% CI: 1.01-3.42), and use of corticosteroids (OR=1.97, 95% CI: 1.09-3.54), mycophenolate mofetil (OR=6.6, 95% CI: 1.47-29.62) and rituximab (OR=4.21, 95% CI: 1.61-10.98). Fifty-eight patients died (8% (total) and 23% (hospitalised)). Compared with 175 matched hospitalised patients with non-iRMD-COVID-19, the OR of mortality associated with hospitalised patients with iRMD-COVID-19 was 1.45 (95% CI: 0.87-2.42) (n=175 each group).Conclusions: In the French RMD COVID-19 cohort, as already identified in the general population, older age, male gender, obesity, and hypertension were found to be associated with severe COVID-19. Patients with iRMD on corticosteroids, but not methotrexate, or tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 inhibitors, should be considered as more likely to develop severe COVID-19. Unlike common comorbidities such as obesity, and cardiovascular or lung diseases, the risk of death is not significantly increased in patients with iRMD
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