A second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs

We describe the Phase II HapMap, which characterizes over 3.1 million human single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyped in 270 individuals from four geographically diverse populations and includes 25-35% of common SNP variation in the populations surveyed. The map is estimated to capture untyped common variation with an average maximum r(2) of between 0.9 and 0.96 depending on population. We demonstrate that the current generation of commercial genome-wide genotyping products captures common Phase II SNPs with an average maximum r(2) of up to 0.8 in African and up to 0.95 in non-African populations, and that potential gains in power in association studies can be obtained through imputation. These data also reveal novel aspects of the structure of linkage disequilibrium. We show that 10-30% of pairs of individuals within a population share at least one region of extended genetic identity arising from recent ancestry and that up to 1% of all common variants are untaggable, primarily because they lie within recombination hotspots. We show that recombination rates vary systematically around genes and between genes of different function. Finally, we demonstrate increased differentiation at non-synonymous, compared to synonymous, SNPs, resulting from systematic differences in the strength or efficacy of natural selection between populations.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/62863/1/nature06258.pd

Un cas de brucellose canine à Brucella abortus

A Berger des Pyrenees bitch, living in a farm, was found harboring B. abortus, biotype I, in a lymph node, seven months after abortion. The canine Brucella infection was coincidental to a bull brucellosis. This observation together with a summary of the available littérature help to recall the great importance of dogs as vectors of brucella infection.Une chienne, Berger des Pyrénées, vivant dans un élevage bovin, est trouvée porteuse de B. abortus, biotype I, sept mois après avoir avorté. L’infection de cette chienne et celle d’un taureau sont concomitantes. Cette observation permet de rappeler et résumer les principales publications qui montrent la grande importance des chiens comme vecteurs de la brucellose.Philippon A., Roumy B., Renoux G., Lagneau . Un cas de brucellose canine à Brucella abortus . In: Bulletin de l'Académie Vétérinaire de France tome 122 n°9, 1969. pp. 923-928

Four anti-protozoal and anti-bacterial compounds from Tapirira guianensis

Tapirira guianensis is a common tree used in traditional medicine in French Guiana against several infectious diseases (malaria, leishmaniasis, bacteria, etc.). The bioassay-guided purification of CH2Cl2 bark extract led to the isolation of four cyclic alkyl polyol derivatives: 4,6,2'-trihydroxy-6-[10'(Z)-heptadecenyl]-1-cyclohexen-2-one (1a), 1,4,6-trihydroxy-1,2'-epoxy-6-[10'(Z)-heptadecenyl]-2-cyclohexene (1b), 1,4,5,2'-tetrahydroxy-1-[10'(Z)-heptadecenyl]-2-cyclohexene (2), and 1,3,4,6-tetrahydroxy-1,2'-epoxy-6-[10'(Z)-heptadecenyl]-cyclohexane (3). The structures were established on the basis of ID and 2D NMR analyses. The anti-leishmanial, anti-plasmodial, anti-bacterial (on Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli), and anti-fungal (on Candida albicans) activities of the extracts and of these original compounds were evaluated. Two showed medicinal interest supporting the traditional uses of the plant. The structures were established through spectral analyses of the isolates and their derivatives

C38 - Évaluation in vitro de l'activité antibactérienne d'un pansement chargé d'extraits de plantes

Introduction : Les plaies infectées constituent un problème de santé publique du fait qu’elles peuvent prolonger la durée d’une hospitalisation. Les pansements utilisés dans leurs prises en charge contiennent souvent des antibactériens comme l’ion argent. Cette étude, dans le cadre de la valorisation des plantes Sénégalaises utilise comme actif antibactérien un extrait de noyau de mangue et d’avocat sur un support textile PET enduit d’un film plastique à base d’amidon. Matériel et Méthodes : Les concentrations minimales inhibitrices d'extraits de plantes sur les souches testées ont été réalisées dans des boîtes de Pétri. Un mélange des extraits actifs à part égale d'extrait d'éther de pétrole de noyau d'avocat (Persea americana) et d'extrait méthanolique de noyau de mangue (Mangifera indica) a ensuite été testé. Ce mélange a été incorporé dans un pansement constitué d'un textile et d'un film plastique à base d’amidon contenant de la carboxyméthylcellulose et du polymère de bêta-cyclodextrine comme absorbant. Des tests Kirby-Bauer et kill time ont finalement été réalisés sur le pansement contenant le mélange d'extraits. Résultats/discussion : Le mélange avocat/mangue 1:1 incorporé dans le pansement a induit une réduction logarithmique de 3,5 log de Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538). Cependant, en raison d'une activité plus faible observée contre les bactéries à Gram négatif (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) et les champignons (Candida albicans), le pansement a donc pu être indiqué sur des plaies non surinfectées (absence de Pseudomonas). En ce qui concerne la capacité d'absorption (1,72 g/100 cm2), ce type de pansement est un pansement à absorption moyenne et pourrait être recommandé pour les plaies aiguës et chroniques à faible activité exsudative au stade bourgeonnant. Nos résultats démontrent l'efficacité du pansement textile avec des extraits de plantes

Activity-guided isolation of antiplasmodial dihydrochalcones and flavanones from Piper hostmannianum var. berbicense

The bioassay-guided purification of an n-hexane extract from the leaves of Piper hostmannianum var. berbicense led to the isolation of four monoterpene or prenyl-substituted dihydrochalcones (1a, 1b, 2, 3) as well as the known compounds 2 ',6 '-dihydroxy-4 '-methoxydihydrochalcone (4), linderatone (5), strobopinin (6), adunctin E (7) and (-)-methyllinderatin (8). Their structures were established on the basis of NMR and X-ray analysis. (-)-Methyllinderatin, linderatone and 2 ',6 '-dihydroxy-4 '-methoxydihydrochalcone exhibited the most potent antiplasmodial activity with IC50 values of 5.64, 10.33 and 12.69 mu M, respectively against both chloroquine-sensitive and resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum (F32, FcBl). The activity of (-)-methyllinderatin was confirmed in vivo against Plasmodium vinckei petteri in mice (80% of reduction of parasitemia) at a dose of 20 mg/kg/day

Barriers and Advances in Kidney Preservation

Despite the fact that a significant fraction of kidney graft dysfunctions observed after transplantation is due to ischemia-reperfusion injuries, there is still no clear consensus regarding optimal kidney preservation strategy. This stems directly from the fact that as of yet, the mechanisms underlying ischemia-reperfusion injury are poorly defined, and the role of each preservation parameter is not clearly outlined. In the meantime, as donor demography changes, organ quality is decreasing which directly increases the rate of poor outcome. This situation has an impact on clinical guidelines and impedes their possible harmonization in the transplant community, which has to move towards changing organ preservation paradigms: new concepts must emerge and the definition of a new range of adapted preservation method is of paramount importance. This review presents existing barriers in transplantation (e.g., temperature adjustment and adequate protocol, interest for oxygen addition during preservation, and clear procedure for organ perfusion during machine preservation), discusses the development of novel strategies to overcome them, and exposes the importance of identifying reliable biomarkers to monitor graft quality and predict short and long-term outcomes. Finally, perspectives in therapeutic strategies will also be presented, such as those based on stem cells and their derivatives and innovative models on which they would need to be properly tested