Value analysis of cyber security based on attack types

It is challenging to ensure security and to minimize economic impacts due to cyber-attacks because of the heavy reliance on ICT in different organizations and this paper presents an approach to estimate the cost of cyber security in public and private sector organizations. The paper also describes an approach for selecting the type of cyber security improvements to ensure that organizational goals are achieved. Different types of cyber-attacks and the subsequent impacts of these attacks are considered. A Value Analysis method is proposed to support the decision-making process by determining the priorities of deployment of various cyber security technologies. The proposed method is based on security costs related to and the losses due to attacks. Examples are provided in the paper to illustrate the proposed approach

Topochemistry of carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals resulting from TEMPO-mediated oxidation

International audienc

Value analysis of cyber security based on attack types

It is challenging to ensure security and to minimize economic impacts due to cyber-attacks because of the heavy reliance on ICT in different organizations and this paper presents an approach to estimate the cost of cyber security in public and private sector organizations. The paper also describes an approach for selecting the type of cyber security improvements to ensure that organizational goals are achieved. Different types of cyber-attacks and the subsequent impacts of these attacks are considered. A Value Analysis method is proposed to support the decision-making process by determining the priorities of deployment of various cyber security technologies. The proposed method is based on security costs related to and the losses due to attacks. Examples are provided in the paper to illustrate the proposed approach

Is bleaching effective in managing post-orthodontic white-spot lesions? A systematic review

Purpose: White spot lesions (WSL) are common side-effects of orthodontic treatment with fixed multi-bracketed appliances. The aim of this review was to find all available literature and critically assess the evidence for the efficacy of bleaching as a method to treat or alleviate post-orthodontic WSLs in permanent teeth. Materials and Methods: Electronic databases were screened for relevant literature with the aid of predetermined search strategies. All types of studies, including randomised or nonrandomised controlled trials (RCTs or CCTs), prospective and retrospective studies, as well as in vitro studies were considered eligible for inclusion. The reference lists of all included articles were hand searched for additional studies. Two authors independently performed study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment. Results: One RCT and 8 in vitro studies met the inclusion criteria. Seven studies were classified as having a high risk of bias while 2 in vitro studies were graded as having a moderate risk of bias. The results showed that bleaching of WSL can diminish colour disparities between carious and non-affected areas, but the certainty of the evidence was very low. The high degree of methodological heterogeneity precluded a valid interpretation of the results through pooled estimates. Conclusions: The findings from the present systematic review could not support or refute bleaching as an effective method for management of post-orthodontic WSLs. Because most of the studies in this field are in vitro and solid scientific evidence of low risk of bias is scare, further prospective in vivo studies are necessary. © 2020

Gut-Ex-Vivo system as a model to study gluten response in celiac disease

Celiac disease (CD) is a complex immune-mediated chronic disease characterized by a consistent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract induced by gluten intake in genetically predisposed individuals. Although initiated by the interaction between digestion-derived gliadin, a gluten component, peptides, and the intestinal epithelium, the disorder is highly complex and involving other components of the intestine, such as the immune system. Therefore, conventional model systems, mainly based on two- or three-dimension cell cultures and co-cultures, cannot fully recapitulate such a complex disease. The development of mouse models has facilitated the study of different interacting cell types involved in the disorder, together with the impact of environmental factors. However, such in vivo models are often expensive and time consuming. Here we propose an organ ex vivo culture (gut-ex-vivo system) based on small intestines from gluten-sensitive mice cultivated in a dynamic condition, able to fully recapitulate the biochemical and morphological features of the mouse model exposed to gliadin (4 weeks), in 16 h. Indeed, upon gliadin exposure, we observed: i) a down-regulation of cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) and an up-regulation of transglutaminase 2 (TG2) at both mRNA and protein levels; ii) increased intestinal permeability associated with deregulated tight junction protein expression; iii) induction and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-15, IL-17 and interferon gamma (IFN\u3b3); and iv) consistent alteration of intestinal epithelium/villi morphology. Altogether, these data indicate that the proposed model can be efficiently used to study the pathogenesis of CD, test new or repurposed molecules to accelerate the search for new treatments, and to study the impact of the microbiome and derived metabolites, in a time- and cost- effective manner

Assessment of Readiness to Change and Relationship to AUDIT Score in a Trauma Population Utilizing Computerized Alcohol Screening and Brief Intervention

PURPOSE: Trauma patient readiness to change score and its relationship to the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) score were assessed in addition to the feasibility of Computerized Alcohol Screening and Brief Intervention (CASI). METHODS: A bilingual computerized tablet for trauma patients was utilized and the data was analyzed using Stata. RESULTS: Twenty-five percent of 1,145 trauma patients drank more than recommended and 4% were dependent. As many Spanish-speaking as English-speaking males did not drink, but a higher percentage of Spanish-speaking males drank more than recommended and were dependent. Half of patients who drank more than recommended rated themselves eight or higher on a 10-point readiness-to-change scale. CASI also provided personalized feedback. A high percentage of trauma patients (92%) found CASI easy and a comfort in use (87%). CONCLUSION: Bilingual computerized technology for trauma patients is feasible, acceptable, and an innovative approach to alcohol screening, brief intervention and referral to treatment in a tertiary care university