Swedish embedded software and vertically integrated industries: an appraisal

In this paper, we use an evolutionary economic framework on knowledge management to make a first assessment of Swedish production of “embedded software”. The assessment starts by reviewing definitions and measurement techniques of software production. The reviews objective is to capture statistically relevant dimensions of software production in different countries to offer a first approximation of Swedish software production. In this paper, we focus on one type of software production, namely “embedded software”, and propose to measure it thanks to aspects of knowledge assets in vertically integrated industries. Our suggestion in this paper is to treat Swedish “embedded software production” within a classical product cycle model (Vernon, 1966). From that point of view, one can derive some characteristics relevant to industrial sectors. This paper limits itself to the link between “embedded software” and “industrial sectors” leaving the location dimension of software production for another paper1. Here, one considers (1) basic evolutionary economic characteristics on the linkage between vertical integration of the manufacturing industry and the measurement of embedded software, (2) measurement boundaries of software production regarding the existing indicators in the US, OECD and Sweden. (3) descriptive statistics on the Swedish software expenditure per industrial sectors

Swedish embedded software and vertically integrated industries: an appraisal

In this paper, we use an evolutionary economic framework on knowledge management to make a first assessment of Swedish production of “embedded software”. The assessment starts by reviewing definitions and measurement techniques of software production. The reviews objective is to capture statistically relevant dimensions of software production in different countries to offer a first approximation of Swedish software production. In this paper, we focus on one type of software production, namely “embedded software”, and propose to measure it thanks to aspects of knowledge assets in vertically integrated industries. Our suggestion in this paper is to treat Swedish “embedded software production” within a classical product cycle model (Vernon, 1966). From that point of view, one can derive some characteristics relevant to industrial sectors. This paper limits itself to the link between “embedded software” and “industrial sectors” leaving the location dimension of software production for another paper1. Here, one considers (1) basic evolutionary economic characteristics on the linkage between vertical integration of the manufacturing industry and the measurement of embedded software, (2) measurement boundaries of software production regarding the existing indicators in the US, OECD and Sweden. (3) descriptive statistics on the Swedish software expenditure per industrial sectors

Queen Margot vs la Reine Margot : la version américaine du film de Patrice Chéreau

La sortie de la Reine Margot en mai 1994 est l’aboutissement d’une genèse longue et complexe. Sa présentation au Festival de Cannes constitue aussi un nouveau départ pour l’œuvre de Patrice Chéreau : parmi les invités de la Croisette se trouvent en effet certains distributeurs étrangers, notamment américains. La diffusion du film aux États-Unis occasionne un nouveau montage, bientôt pleinement assumé par le réalisateur, qui dira l’avoir envisagé lui-même et n’avoir pu le réaliser faute de temps. Quel rôle a donc joué Hollywood dans l’histoire de la Reine Margot ? Il faudra deux sneak previews (projections-tests) et plusieurs mois de négociations entre le réalisateur et le distributeur Miramax, pour aboutir à Queen Margot, version plus courte, différente, qui va déterminer la carrière internationale et l’avenir de la Reine Margot. L’étude des papiers personnels de Patrice Chéreau, conservés à la Bibliothèque du Film, permet à cette étude de retracer cette genèse.The release of la Reine Margot in May 1994 is the result of a long and complex genesis. Its presentation at Cannes also constitutes a new departure for the work of Patrice Chéreau : among the guests at Cannes are certain foreign distributors, in particular American ones. The film is re-edited for distribution in the USA, and this version is soon fully accepted by the director himself, who claims that he would have re-edited himself along the same lines, had he had the time to do so. What is Hollywood’s role, then, in the story of la Reine Margot ? Two sneak previews and several months of negotiation between the filmmaker and the distributor Miramax were required to make Queen Margot, a shorter and different version of the film, which will determine the international career and future of la Reine Margot. The study of Chéreau’s personal papers, held at the Bibliothèque du Film in Paris, allows us to reconstitute this complex process

Nodular anhydrite growth controlled by pedogenic structures in evaporite lake formations

Several nodular gypsum beds exhibiting a remarkable vertical arrangement of individual nodules are present in the Miocene continental evaporite formations of the Calatayud Basin, northeastern Spain. The growth of the gypsum nodules, initially anhydrite, took place within magnesitic carbonate deposits which display incipient pedogenic features such as rhizoliths and clotted to peloidal textures. Simultaneous and after the pedogenic modification of the carbonate substratum, displacing nodules started to grow, their arrangement being closely conditioned by the development of vertical fissuring related to root penetration. The transformation of anhydrite to gypsum was probably realized early after little burial of the sulphate–carbonate deposits. The occurrence of vertically oriented gypsum nodules can be seen as a diagnostic feature for palustrine conditions developed in evaporitic lake settings, this peculiar morphology of the sulphate nodules having been strongly controlled by the internal structure of the palustrine palaeosols

Calcitization of Mg±Ca carbonate and Ca sulphate deposits in a continental Tertiary basin (Calatayud Basin, NE Spain)

Diagenetic carbonates formed through early calcitization of evaporite (gypsum, anhydrite) and/or magnesium carbonate (dolomite, magnesite) deposits have been identified throughout the Tertiary Calatayud Basin (NE Spain). The diagenetic carbonates consist in all cases of low magnesian calcite and are related to main sedimentary discontinuities, which record episodes of significant subaerial exposure in the basin. Early calcite replacements predominate in sediments of the Intermediate Unit in central areas of the basin. Two types of diagenetic carbonates have been distinguished: (1) laminated diagenetic carbonates in which the original structure of sequences formed of laminated magnesite, dolomite and primary gypsum is preserved, though transformed in calcite; (2) brecciated diagenetic carbonates, which resulted from extensive dissolution of lenticular gypsum macrocrystals accompanied by dedolomitization processes of dolomite host rock. The replacement by calcite resulted from rapid transformation of evaporite deposits either at the contact of these deposits with overlying freshwaters or by percolating freshwater at very shallow burial depth. Stable isotope (carbon and oxygen) analyses of the diagenetic carbonates support influence of meteoric-derived carbonate-rich groundwater for their formation. The meteoric isotope signature is supported by its comparison with the stable isotope values determined from diagenetic calcites formed after magnesite in evaporite sequences during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. The diagenetic carbonate bodies formed as a result of a progressive change from highly to moderately concentrated saline lake waters. This gradual evolution was related to a climatic shift from dry and hot to cooler and more humid conditions throughout the Miocene, a trend that has been also recognized in other large Tertiary basins of the Iberian Peninsula in this period

Unusual twinning features in large primary gypsum crystals formed in salt lake conditions, Middle Miocene, Madrid Basin, Spain: palaeoenvironmental implications reply

Depto. de Mineralogía y PetrologíaFac. de Ciencias GeológicasTRUEpu

Bogotá : case study : research 2009-2010

+ 3 DVD-Rom (video, audio, multimedia) ; Contrat Grants for Research in Architecture, Rafael Viñoly Architects (New York)Since 1999, the city of Bogotá, capital of Colombia, has won nearly a dozen international awards for innovative urban planning, including the prestigious San Marco Golden Lion award, given at the 10th Venice Biennale. For a city once plagued by social disorder and crime, this represents a remarkable comeback. But how have Bogotá’s urban interventions performed for residents? This research proposal is based on qualitative methods from CRESSON laboratory (Sound Space and Urban Environment Research Centre at Grenoble’s National Superior School of Architecture). Our methodology crosses large scale and small scale. With a team of Colombian colleagues and a set of equipment, as historical and critical drafting tools, in situ methodology or multi-media urban transects, this research seeks to experience and describe Bogotá’s prizewinning park, a public library area, and a main central avenue from the perspective of the people who use them daily. The result provides not only a critique of what has been done but also insights for future planners and architects tasked with reshaping the world’s growing cities

Clastic vs. primary precipitated evaporites in the Messinian sicilian Basins

The Messinian stratigraphy of Sicily has a particular importance for the comprehension ofthe Messinian salinity crisis as its successions bear the greatest similarity with those of thedeep Mediterranean basins. Despite the large number of studies carried out in the last 30years, we believe that the true time and genetic relationships between the different evaporiticand non evaporitic rock bodies are still not well established. This is probably due to thelimited, partial view offered by the central Sicilian basin, despite its complete Messinianstratigraphic record.Clastic and chaotic evaporitic deposits emplaced by tectonically-driven small to largescaleresedimentation processes form an important part of the MSC record of Sicily in theBelice and Caltanissetta basins. Facies characteristics of clastic evaporites, the stratigraphicrelationships with the other Messinian deposits, their possible significance in the regionalgeological evolution and the implications at a Mediterranean scale will be discussed in thefield. Attention also will be paid to primary precipitated facies of Lower and UpperEvaporites.The main aim of this field trip is to visit and discuss, beside some of the classic localitiesof the Caltanissetta basin, other less known outcrops of western Sicily (Belice basin), inorder to have a more complete regional geological framework of the MSC events in Sicily.This will give the participants the opportunity to discuss many of the still open problemsconcerning the MSC. In this section we suggest some topics for discussion during the fieldtrip

What impacts of climate change on surface water in France by 2070? Results of the Explore2070 project in metropolitan France and overseas departments

International audienceLes questions relatives à la disponibilité et à la gestion de l'eau concentreront l'essentiel des mesures d'adaptation qui seront prises dans les décennies à venir pour faire face aux conséquences des changements climatiques. Ces mesures devront également prendre en compte les évolutions socio-économiques, en termes de démographie, d'aménagement du territoire et de politiques publiques (agriculture, énergie, transports, etc.). Il est dès lors primordial pour les décideurs et gestionnaires de quantifier les évolutions socio-économiques possibles, ainsi que le devenir de la ressource en eau et de sa variabilité temporelle et spatiale. C'est dans ce contexte que le projet Explore2070 avait pour objectif d'évaluer les impacts possibles des changements climatiques et socio-économiques futurs sur les grandes masses d'eau (surface, souterrain, littoral) et la biodiversité, en France métropolitaine et sur les départements d'Outre-mer (Guadeloupe, Guyane, Martinique et Réunion). Piloté par le Ministère de l'Ecologie (MEDDTL), ce projet a rassemblé de nombreux bureaux d'études et instituts de recherche pour dresser un panorama général des évolutions à attendre à l'horizon 2070. Par son ampleur et la variété de ses objectifs, ce projet doit permettre de répondre à de nombreuses questions des gestionnaires et de mieux apprécier les enjeux de ces évolutions. Dans la suite, nous présentons les travaux réalisés spécifiquement sur la quantification des évolutions des eaux de surface. Nous détaillerons dans ce qui suit la démarche générale de modélisation proposée, la nature des résultats obtenus, ainsi que la façon dont les incertitudes ont été quantifiées. Ce dernier point est indispensable pour aider à la prise de décision dans un avenir incertain. / Water availability and water management will be the focus of most of the adaptation measures that will be taken in the next decades to face the consequences of climate change. These measures will have to account for the socio-economic evolutions, in terms of population size, town and country planning, as well as public policies (agriculture, energy, transports, etc.). It is therefore essential for decision makers and managers to be able to quantify the possible socio-economic evolutions together with the evolution of water resources and their temporal and spatial variability. In this context, the Explore2070 project aimed at evaluating the possible impacts of future climate and socio-economic changes on water bodies (surface water, groundwater and coastal water) and biodiversity, in metropolitan France and overseas departments (Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guyana, and Réunion Island). The project was managed by the French Ministry of Ecology (MEDDTL) and gathered several consultancies and research institutes to establish a general overview of the expected evolutions by 2070. Through both the extent and the variety of the project’s objectives, Explore2070 will provide answers to many questions raised by managers and better evaluate the stakes related to these evolutions. In the following, we present the work done specifically to quantify the evolution of surface water. The general modelling approach, the type of results and the way uncertainties were quantified are detailed. Uncertainty quantification is essential to help decision making in an uncertain future