1,273 research outputs found
Fidelity is a sub-martingale for discrete-time quantum filters
Fidelity is known to increase through any Kraus map: the fidelity between two
density matrices is less than the fidelity between their images via a Kraus
map. We prove here that, in average, fidelity is also increasing for any
discrete-time quantum filter: fidelity between the density matrix of the
underlying Markov chain and the density matrix of its associated quantum filter
is a sub-martingale. This result is not restricted to pure states. It also
holds true for mixed states
Models and Feedback Stabilization of Open Quantum Systems
At the quantum level, feedback-loops have to take into account measurement
back-action. We present here the structure of the Markovian models including
such back-action and sketch two stabilization methods: measurement-based
feedback where an open quantum system is stabilized by a classical controller;
coherent or autonomous feedback where a quantum system is stabilized by a
quantum controller with decoherence (reservoir engineering). We begin to
explain these models and methods for the photon box experiments realized in the
group of Serge Haroche (Nobel Prize 2012). We present then these models and
methods for general open quantum systems.Comment: Extended version of the paper attached to an invited conference for
the International Congress of Mathematicians in Seoul, August 13 - 21, 201
Deterministic submanifolds and analytic solution of the stochastic differential master equation describing a qubit
This paper studies the stochastic differential equation (SDE) associated to a
two-level quantum system (qubit) subject to Hamiltonian evolution as well as
unmonitored and monitored decoherence channels. The latter imply a stochastic
evolution of the quantum state (density operator), whose associated probability
distribution we characterize. We first show that for two sets of typical
experimental settings, corresponding either to weak quantum non demolition
measurements or to weak fluorescence measurements, the three Bloch coordinates
of the qubit remain confined to a deterministically evolving surface or curve
inside the Bloch sphere. We explicitly solve the deterministic evolution, and
we provide a closed-form expression for the probability distribution on this
surface or curve. Then we relate the existence in general of such
deterministically evolving submanifolds to an accessibility question of control
theory, which can be answered with an explicit algebraic criterion on the SDE.
This allows us to show that, for a qubit, the above two sets of weak
measurements are essentially the only ones featuring deterministic surfaces or
curves
Asymptotic expansions of Laplace integrals for quantum state tomography
Bayesian estimation of a mixed quantum state can be approximated via maximum
likelihood (MaxLike) estimation when the likelihood function is sharp around
its maximum. Such approximations rely on asymptotic expansions of
multi-dimensional Laplace integrals. When this maximum is on the boundary of
the integration domain, as it is the case when the MaxLike quantum state is not
full rank, such expansions are not standard. We provide here such expansions,
even when this maximum does not belong to the smooth part of the boundary, as
it is the case when the rank deficiency exceeds two. These expansions provide,
aside the MaxLike estimate of the quantum state, confidence intervals for any
observable. They confirm the formula proposed and used without precise
mathematical justifications by the authors in an article recently published in
Physical Review A.Comment: 17 pages, submitte
Robust open-loop stabilization of Fock states by time-varying quantum interactions
A quantum harmonic oscillator (spring subsystem) is stabilized towards a
target Fock state by reservoir engineering. This passive and open-loop
stabilization works by consecutive and identical Hamiltonian interactions with
auxiliary systems, here three-level atoms (the auxiliary ladder subsystem),
followed by a partial trace over these auxiliary atoms. A scalar control input
governs the interaction, defining which atomic transition in the ladder
subsystem is in resonance with the spring subsystem. We use it to build a
time-varying interaction with individual atoms, that combines three
non-commuting steps. We show that the resulting reservoir robustly stabilizes
any initial spring state distributed between 0 and 4n+3 quanta of vibrations
towards a pure target Fock state of vibration number n. The convergence proof
relies on the construction of a strict Lyapunov function for the Kraus map
induced by this reservoir setting on the spring subsystem. Simulations with
realistic parameters corresponding to the quantum electrodynamics setup at
Ecole Normale Superieure further illustrate the robustness of the method
Singular perturbations and Lindblad-Kossakowski differential equations
We consider an ensemble of quantum systems whose average evolution is
described by a density matrix, solution of a Lindblad-Kossakowski differential
equation. We focus on the special case where the decoherence is only due to a
highly unstable excited state and where the spontaneously emitted photons are
measured by a photo-detector. We propose a systematic method to eliminate the
fast and asymptotically stable dynamics associated to the excited state in
order to obtain another differential equation for the slow part. We show that
this slow differential equation is still of Lindblad-Kossakowski type, that the
decoherence terms and the measured output depend explicitly on the amplitudes
of quasi-resonant applied field, i.e., the control. Beside a rigorous proof of
the slow/fast (adiabatic) reduction based on singular perturbation theory, we
also provide a physical interpretation of the result in the context of
coherence population trapping via dark states and decoherence-free subspaces.
Numerical simulations illustrate the accuracy of the proposed approximation for
a 5-level systems.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figure
Contraction and stability analysis of steady-states for open quantum systems described by Lindblad differential equations
For discrete-time systems, governed by Kraus maps, the work of D. Petz has
characterized the set of universal contraction metrics. In the present paper,
we use this characterization to derive a set of quadratic Lyapunov functions
for continuous-time systems, governed by Lindblad differential equations, that
have a steady-state with full rank. An extremity of this set is given by the
Bures metric, for which the quadratic Lyapunov function is obtained by
inverting a Sylvester equation. We illustrate the method by providing a strict
Lyapunov function for a Lindblad equation designed to stabilize a quantum
electrodynamic "cat" state by reservoir engineering. In fact we prove that any
Lindblad equation on the Hilbert space of the (truncated) harmonic oscillator,
which has a full-rank equilibrium and which has, among its decoherence
channels, a channel corresponding to the photon loss operator, globally
converges to that equilibrium.Comment: Submitted (10 pages, 1 figure
Symmetry-preserving Observers
This paper presents three non-linear observers on three examples of
engineering interest: a chemical reactor, a non-holonomic car, and an inertial
navigation system. For each example, the design is based on physical
symmetries. This motivates the theoretical development of invariant observers,
i.e, symmetry-preserving observers. We consider an observer to consist in a
copy of the system equation and a correction term, and we give a constructive
method (based on the Cartan moving-frame method) to find all the
symmetry-preserving correction terms. They rely on an invariant frame (a
classical notion) and on an invariant output-error, a less standard notion
precisely defined here. For each example, the convergence analysis relies also
on symmetries consideration with a key use of invariant state-errors. For the
non-holonomic car and the inertial navigation system, the invariant
state-errors are shown to obey an autonomous differential equation independent
of the system trajectory. This allows us to prove convergence, with almost
global stability for the non-holonomic car and with semi-global stability for
the inertial navigation system. Simulations including noise and bias show the
practical interest of such invariant asymptotic observers for the inertial
navigation system.Comment: To be published in IEEE Automatic Contro
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