Combining 'naturalness concepts' with close-to-nature silviculture

This paper summarizes key aspects of 'naturalness concepts' and their relationships to 'close-to-nature silviculture'. For perhaps 20-30 years, associated with concerns over apparently increasing biological and ecological problems (floods, avalanches, forest die-back, and other calamities) there has been an increasing debate in forestry centered on efforts to bring forest and woodland management back to more 'natural' approaches. Conservation and other management,in parallel to these arguments are flawed unless based on sound conceptual foundations, and to this end basic principles and concepts have been developed. 'Naturalness' is one such concept. However, whilst this is an important term in helping to understand the key processes at work it has proved difficult to integrate with ideas of 'close-to-nature silviculture'. This paper explores the issues and proposes more effective integration of approaches. Possible ways in which the concept can aid conservation management of woods and forests are suggested

Host residents’ perceptions of the impact of the 2009 World Games on Kaohsiung: A longitudinal perspective

No AbstractKey words: World Games; Sports mega-events; Residents‟ perceptions; Nicosia model

An Animal Studies and Ecocritical Reading of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

[[abstract]]In this ecocritical and animal studies reading of the anonymous fourteenth-century poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (ca. 1375–1400), I focus on what the poem divulges about medieval attitudes toward hunting animals for sport. Studies that focus on the blurring of conceptual, cognitive, and ethical distinctions between animals and humans in medieval literature invite consideration of that blurring as it is found in the triple hunt scenes of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. My argument is that the triple hunt scenes confront the problem of truth (trawþe) in the context of animal sports as well as in the context of the games in which Bertilak invites Gawain and the court of Camelot to participate. In elaborating on the given content, I also note the thematic and conceptual overlaps among Bertilak, Gawain, and the fox, a tripling that scholars have overlooked in their focus on the parallels between Gawain and the deer, boar, and fox. I rely on scholarly studies by such key figures in animal studies and medieval studies as Jeffrey Jerome Cohen and Susan Crane and such key figures in ecocriticism and medieval studies as Gillian Rudd and Corinne J. Saunders in my focus on animal hunting in medieval Britain. In addition, I refer to several modern translations of the poem: two recent translations by W. S. Merwin and Simon Armitage and three older and canonical translations by J. R. Tolkien and E. V. Gordon, Marie Borroff, and Brian Stone.[[notice]]補正完