Water, Methane, and Carbon Dioxide Present in the Dayside Spectrum of the Exoplanet HD 209458b

Using the NICMOS instrument on the Hubble Space Telescope, we have measured the dayside spectrum of HD 209458b between 1.5--2.5 microns. The emergent spectrum is dominated by features due to the presence of methane (CH4) and water vapor (H2O), with smaller contributions from carbon dioxide (CO2). Combining this near-infrared spectrum with existing mid-infrared measurements shows the existence of a temperature inversion and confirms the interpretation of previous photometry measurements. We find a family of plausible solutions for the molecular abundance and detailed temperature profile. Observationally resolving the ambiguity between abundance and temperature requires either (1) improved wavelength coverage or spectral resolution of the dayside emission spectrum, or (2) a transmission spectrum where abundance determinations are less sensitive to the temperature structure.Comment: 14 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in Ap

Care management arrangements in services for people with intellectual disabilities: Results of a national study

Background: Care management is the formal mechanism for linking people with intellectual disabilities with public services but little is known about these arrangements. This paper present findings from a national survey. Materials and Methods: The questionnaire covered aspects of care management arrangements and was specific to services for people with intellectual disabilities. They were sent to all social services departments in England. Results: The response rate was 81%. Variations were found in organizational arrangements, the performance of key care management tasks, and the degree of differentiation in approach according to need. Local authorities also differed in arrangements for person centred planning. Conclusions: Further review of the relative efficiency and effectiveness of different care management approaches is needed to inform policy development and promote consistency in services for people with intellectual disabilities