Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water, sediment and tissues of five sturgeon species in the southern Caspian Sea coastal regions

Concentration levels of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) consisting of naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorine, phenantherene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, indeno(1,2,3-cd) pyrene and benzo(g,h,i)perylene were measured in water and sediment samples collected from the southern Caspian Sea coasts at four stations of Noshahr, Freydoonkenar, Sari and Amirabad during autumn, winter and spring of 2005-2006. Also, tissue samples from five sturgeon species including stellate sturgeon, Persian sturgeon, beluga, Russian sturgeon and ship sturgeon were obtained. Samples were analyzed by gas chromatography after the extraction process and the obtained data were statistically analyzed using One-Way ANOVA analysis at confidence level 95%. The mean concentrations of PAHs in water and sediment samples were 0.004-2.946 mgl-1 and 0.024- 2.336 µg g-1, respectively. No significant difference was found in the mean concentrations of PAHs among stations and seasons of the examined samples. Also, mean concentration of PAHs in the liver, muscles,gills, kidney and gonads of five sturgeon species was 0.81-1.34 µgg-1. The results of this study show that the levels of PAHs in water, sediment and sturgeon organs were below the acceptable levels of PAHs proposed by USEPA and WHO

N,N’-Dibromo-N,N’ 1,2-ethanediylbis(benzenesulphonamide) (BNBBS): a Safe, Neutral and Efficient Reagent for the Oxidation of Primary and Secondary Alcohols to Corresponding Carbonyl Compounds under Mild Conditions

Efficient oxidation of various types of structurally diverse alcohols to the corresponding carbonyl compounds can be carried out with N,N’-dibromo-N,N’-1,2-ethanediylbis(benzenesulphonamide) in good to high yield of products in CH2Cl2 at room temperature. Primary (aliphatic, benzylic and allylic) alcohols are oxidized with no over-oxidation to carboxylic acids.Keywords: Oxidation, alcohols, carbonyl compounds, N,N’-dibromo-N,N’–1,2-ethanediylbis(benzenesulphonamide)

Some hematological and biochemical changes in blood serum of Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) vaccinated with Aeromonas hydrophila following exposure to sublethal concentration of diazinon

.Diazinon is commonly used for pest control in the agricultural fields in north of Iran. This study was conducted to determine the chronic toxicity of organophosphorous pesticide (Diazinon) in vaccinated fish and its effects on some hematological parameters and biochemical blood plasma profiles of Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella).This experiment was carried out in three groups. The first group was vaccinated and exposed to diazinon (group A) while the second group was vaccinated and bathed with PBS bath (group B). The remaining fish were used as unvaccinated fish and were kept in clean water separately (group C). Diazinon was applied at concentrations of 2 mg/L for 12 hours since the experiments were initiated. The experimental groups(A and B) showed significantly lower values (p < 0.05) of erythrocyte count, haemoglobin content, haematocrit, leucocytes, Lymphocyte, myelocyte and monocyte, as well as in alkaline phosphatases, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and, lactate dehydrogenase compared to the control group(C). Values of MCV, MCH and MCHC of experimental species (A and B) were compared to the control group(C). The results of examinations of the biochemical blood plasma profile indicate a marked neurotoxic effect of diazinon in fishes. Changes in values of both erythrocyte and leukocyte profile after exposure to diazinon-based preparation may be referred to disruption of haematopoiesis as well as to a decrease on non-specific immunity of the fis

Modeling and predicting drug pharmacokinetics in patients with renal impairment

Current guidance issued by the US FDA to assess the impact of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of a drug under development has recently been updated to include evaluation of drugs with nonrenal elimination routes. Renal impairment not only affects elimination of the drug in the kidney, but also the nonrenal route of drugs that are extensively metabolized in the liver. Renal failure may influence hepatic drug metabolism either by inducing or suppressing hepatic enzymes, or by its effects on other variables such as protein binding, hepatic blood flow and accumulation of metabolites. Prior simulation of the potential exposure of individuals with renal impairment may help in the selection of a safe and effective dosage regimen. In this article, we discuss the application of a systems biology approach to simulate drug disposition in subjects with renal impairment. © 2011 Expert Reviews Ltd

Impacts of whey protein edible coating on chemical and microbial factors of gutted kilka during frozen storage

The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of whey protein coating on quality and shelf life of Kilka fish. Whey protein edible coating was prepared in three different concentrations, including 3, 7, 10 and 13%. Then gutted Kilkas were coated for 1h, packed in polyethylene dishes with cellophane blanket and stored at -18 °C. Total microbial count, total volatile nitrogen (TVN) and moisture evaluation were carried out within 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 months (sample size: 75 packages, weighted 250 grams each). Results showed that there was no significant difference between total microbial count and total volatile nitrogen among samples (p>0.05). Moisture of coated samples with 13% concentration of whey protein had significant difference with other treatments (p<0.05) suggesting that whey protein edible coating with 13% concentrations can enhance quality and increase shelf life of Kilka fish in storage of freezing up to 4 months