Photo sensor array technology development

The development of an improved capability photo sensor array imager for use in a Viking '75 type facsimile camera is presented. This imager consists of silicon photodiodes and lead sulfide detectors to cover a spectral range from 0.4 to 2.7 microns. An optical design specifying filter configurations and convergence angles is described. Three electronics design approaches: AC-chopped light, DC-dual detector, and DC-single detector, are investigated. Experimental and calculated results are compared whenever possible using breadboard testing and tolerance analysis techniques. Results show that any design used must be forgiving of the relative instability of lead sulfide detectors. A final design using lead sulfide detectors and associated electronics is implemented by fabrication of a hybrid prototype device. Test results of this device show a good agreement with calculated values

Silica coatings on young Hawaiian basalts: Constraints on formation mechanism from silicon isotopes

Young basalts from Kilauea, on the big island of Hawai’i, frequently feature visually striking, white, orange and blue coatings, consisting of a 10-50 μm layer of amorphous silica, capped, in some cases, by a ~1 μm layer of Fe-Ti oxide [1]. The coatings provide an opportunity to study the early onset of acid-sulfate weathering, a process common to many volcanic environments. Silicon isotopes fractionate with the precipitation of clays and opaline silica, and have been demonstrated to be an indicator of weathering intensity [2,3]. Here we report in situ measurements of δ^(30)_Si of the silica coatings and their implications for coating formation

Discrete Ω\Omega-nets and Guichard nets

We provide a convincing discretisation of Demoulin's $\Omega$-surfaces along with their specialisations to Guichard and isothermic surfaces with no loss of integrable structure.Comment: 39 A4 page

Camaronesite, [Fe^(3+)(H_2O)_2(PO_3OH)]_2(SO_4)•1-2H_2O, a new phosphate-sulfate from the Camarones Valley, Chile, structurally related to taranakite

Camaronesite (IMA 2012-094), [Fe^(3+)(H_2O)_2(PO_3OH)]_2(SO_4)•1-2H_2O, is a new mineral from near the village of Cuya in the Camarones Valley, Arica Province, Chile. The mineral is a low-temperature, secondary mineral occurring in a sulfate assemblage with anhydrite, botryogen, chalcanthite, copiapite, halotrichite, hexahydrite, hydroniumjarosite, pyrite, römerite, rozenite and szomolnokite. Lavender-coloured crystals up to several mm across form dense intergrowths. More rarely crystals occur as drusy aggregates of tablets up to 0.5 mm in diameter and 0.02 mm thick. Tablets are flattened on {001} and exhibit the forms {001}, {104}, {015} and {018}. The mineral is transparent with white streak and vitreous lustre. The Mohs hardness is 2½, the tenacity is brittle and the fracture is irregular, conchoidal and stepped. Camaronesite has one perfect cleavage on {001}. The measured and calculated densities are 2.43(1) and 2.383 g/cm^3, respectively. The mineral is optically uniaxial (+) with ω = 1.612(1) and ε = 1.621(1) (white light). The pleochroism is O (pale lavender) > E (colourless). Electron-microprobe analyses provided Fe_2O_331.84, P_2O_529.22, SO_315.74, H_2O 23.94 (based on O analyses), total 100.74 wt.%. The empirical formula (based on 2 P a.p.f.u.) is: Fe_(1.94)(PO_3OH)_2(S_(0.96)O_4)(H_2O)_4•1.46H_2O. The mineral is slowly soluble in concentrated HCl and extremely slowly soluble in concentrated H_2SO_4. Camaronesite is trigonal, R32, with cell parameters:a = 9.0833(5), c = 42.944(3) Å, V = 3068.5(3) Å3 and Z = 9. The eight strongest lines in the X-ray powder diffraction pattern are [d_(obs) Å (I)(hkl)]: 7.74(45)(101), 7.415(100)(012), 4.545(72)(110), 4.426(26)(018), 3.862(32)(021,202,116), 3.298(93)(027,119), 3.179(25)(208) and 2.818(25)(1•1•12,125). In the structure of camaronesite (R_1 = 2.28% for 1138 F_o > 4σF), three types of Fe octahedra are linked by corner sharing with (PO_3OH) tetrahedra to form polyhedral layers perpendicular to c with composition [Fe^(3+)(H_2O)_2(PO_3OH)]. Two such layers are joined through SO_4 tetrahedra (in two half-occupied orientations) to form thick slabs of composition [Fe^(3+)(H_2O)_2(PO_3OH)]_2(SO_4). Between the slabs are partially occupied H_2O groups. The only linkages between the slabs are hydrogen bonds. The most distinctive component in the structure consists of two Fe octahedra linked to one another by three PO_4 tetrahedra yielding an [Fe_2(PO_4)_3] unit. This unit is also the key component in the sodium super-ionic conductor (NASICON) structure and has been referred to as the lantern unit. The polyhedral layers in the structure of camaronesite are similar to those in the structure of taranakite. The Raman spectrum exhibits peaks consistent with sulfate, phosphate, water and OH groups

Theoretical Spectra and Atmospheres of Extrasolar Giant Planets

We present a comprehensive theory of the spectra and atmospheres of irradiated extrasolar giant planets. We explore the dependences on stellar type, orbital distance, cloud characteristics, planet mass, and surface gravity. Phase-averaged spectra for specific known extrasolar giant planets that span a wide range of the relevant parameters are calculated, plotted, and discussed. The connection between atmospheric composition and emergent spectrum is explored in detail. Furthermore, we calculate the effect of stellar insolation on brown dwarfs. We review a variety of representative observational techniques and programs for their potential for direct detection, in light of our theoretical expectations, and we calculate planet-to-star flux ratios as a function of wavelength. Our results suggest which spectral features are most diagnostic of giant planet atmospheres and reveal the best bands in which to image planets of whatever physical or orbital characteristics.Comment: 47 pages, plus 36 postscript figures; with minor revisions, accepted to the Astrophysical Journal, May 10, 2003 issu

Lead-tellurium oxysalts from Otto Mountain near Baker, California, USA: XII. Andychristyite, PbCu^(2+)Te^(6+)O_5(H_2O), a new mineral with hcp stair-step layers

Andychristyite, PbCu^(2+)Te^(6+)O_5(H_2O), is a new tellurate mineral from Otto Mountain near Baker, California, USA. It occurs in vugs in quartz in association with timroseite. It is interpreted as having formed from the partial oxidation of primary sulfides and tellurides during or following brecciation of quartz veins. Andychristyite is triclinic, space group P1, with unit-cell dimensions a = 5.322(3), b = 7.098(4), c = 7.511(4) Å, α = 83.486(7), β = 76.279(5), γ = 70.742(5)°, V = 260.0(2) Å^3 and Z = 2. It forms as small tabular crystals up to ∼50 µm across, in sub-parallel aggregates. The colour is bluish green and the streak is very pale bluish green. Crystals are transparent with adamantine lustre. The Mohs hardness is estimated at between 2 and 3. Andychristyite is brittle with an irregular fracture and one perfect cleavage on {001}. The calculated density based on the empirical formula is 6.304 g/cm^3. The mineral is optically biaxial, with large 2V, strong dispersion, and moderate very pale blue-green to medium blue-green pleochroism. The electron microprobe analyses (average of five) provided: PbO 43.21, CuO 15.38, TeO_3 35.29, H_2O 3.49 (structure), total 97.37 wt.%. The empirical formula (based on 6 O apfu) is: Pb_(0.98)C u^(2+)_(0.98)Te^(6+)_(1.02)O_6H_(1.96). The Raman spectrum exhibits prominent features consistent with the mineral being a tellurate, as well as an OH stretching feature confirming a hydrous component. The eight strongest powder X-ray diffraction lines are [d_(obs) in Å(I)(hkl)]: 6.71(16)(010), 4.76(17)(110), 3.274(100)(120,102,012), 2.641(27)(102, 211, 112), 2.434(23)(multiple), 1.6736(17)(multiple), 1.5882(21)(multiple) and 1.5133(15)(multiple). The crystal structure of andychristyite (R_1 = 0.0165 for 1511 reflections with Fo > 4σF) consists of stair-step-like hcp polyhedral layers of Te^(6+)O_6 and Cu^(2+)O_6 octahedra parallel to {001}, which are linked in the [001] direction by bonds to interlayer Pb atoms. The structures of eckhardite, bairdite, timroseite and paratimroseite also contain stair-step-like hcp polyhedral layers

Joteite, Ca_2CuAl[AsO_4][AsO_3(OH)]_2(OH)_2•5H_2O, a new arsenate with a sheet structure and unconnected acid arsenate groups

Joteite (IMA2012-091), Ca_2CuAl[AsO_4][AsO_3(OH)]_2(OH)_2•5H_2O, is a new mineral from the Jote mine, Tierra Amarilla, Copiapó Province, Atacama, Chile. The mineral is a late-stage, lowtemperature, secondary mineral occurring with conichalcite, mansfieldite, pharmacoalumite, pharmacosiderite and scorodite in narrow seams and vughs in the oxidized upper portion of a hydrothermal sulfide vein hosted by volcanoclastic rocks. Crystals occur as sky-blue to greenish-blue thin blades, flattened and twinned on {001}, up to ~300 µm in length, and exhibiting the forms {001}, {010}, {110}, {210} and {111}. The blades are commonly intergrown in wheat-sheaf-like bundles, less commonly in sprays, and sometimes aggregated as dense crusts and cavity linings. The mineral is transparent and has a very pale blue streak and vitreous lustre. The Mohs hardness is estimated at 2 to 3, the tenacity is brittle, and the fracture is curved. It has one perfect cleavage on {001}. The calculated density based on the empirical formula is 3.056 g/cm^3. It is optically biaxial (–) with α = 1.634(1), β = 1.644(1), γ = 1.651(1) (white light), 2V_(meas) = 78(2)° and 2V_(calc) = 79.4°. The mineral exhibits weak dispersion, r Y (pale greenish blue) > X (colourless). The normalized electron-microprobe analyses (average of 5) provided: CaO 15.70, CuO 11.22, Al_2O_38.32, As_2O_546.62, H_2O 18.14 (structure), total 100 wt.%. The empirical formula (based on 19 O a.p.f.u.) is: Ca_(1.98)Cu_(1.00)Al_(1.15)As_(2.87)H_(14.24)O_(19). The mineral is slowly soluble in cold, concentrated HCl. Joteite is triclinic, P1, with the cell parameters: a = 6.0530(2), b = 10.2329(3), c = 12.9112(4) Å, a = 87.572(2), b = 78.480(2), g = 78.697(2)°, V = 768.40(4) Å^3 and Z = 2. The eight strongest lines in the X-ray powder diffraction pattern are [d_(obs) Å (I)(hkl)]: 12.76(100)(001), 5.009(23)(020), 4.206(26)(120,003,121), 3.92(24)(022,022,102), 3.40(25)(113), 3.233(19)(031,023,123,023), 2.97(132,201) and 2.91(15)(122,113). In the structure of joteite (R_1 = 7.72% for 6003 F_o > 4σF), AsO_4 and AsO_3 (OH) tetrahedra, AlO_6 octahedra and Cu^(2+)O_5 square pyramids share corners to form sheets parallel to {001}. In addition, 7- and 8-coordinate Ca polyhedra link to the periphery of the sheets yielding thick slabs. Between the slabs are unconnected AsO_3(OH) tetrahedra, which link the slabs only via hydrogen bonding. The Raman spectrum shows features consistent with OH and/or H_2O in multiple structural environments. The region between the slabs may host excess Al in place of some As

Rendering an Account: An Open-State Archive in Postgraduate Supervision

The paper begins with a brief account of the transformation of research degree studies under the pressures of global capitalism and neo-liberal governmentality. A parallel transformation is occurring in the conduct of research through the use of information and communication technologies. Yet the potential of ICTs to shape practices of surveillance or to produce new student-supervisor relations and enhance the processes of developing the dissertation has received almost no critical attention. As doctoral supervisor and student, we then describe the features and uses of a web-based open state archive of the student's work-in-progress, developed by the student and accessible to his supervisor. Our intention was to encourage more open conversations between data and theorising, student and supervisor, and ultimately between the student and professional community. However, we recognise that relations of accountability, as these have developed within a contemporary "audit revolution" (Power, 1994, 1997) in universities, create particular "lines of visibility" (Munro, 1996). Thus while the open-state archive may help to redefine in less managerial terms notions of quality, transparency, flexibility and accountability, it might also make possible greater supervisory surveillance. How should we think about the panoptical potential of this archive? We argue that the diverse kinds of interactional patterns and pedagogical intervention it encourages help to create shifting subjectivities. Moreover, the archive itself is multiple, in bringing together an array of diverse materials that can be read in various ways, by following multiple paths. It therefore constitutes a collage, which we identify as a mode of cognition and of accounting distinct from but related to argument and narrative. As a more "open" text (Iser, 1978) it has an indeterminacy which may render it less open to abuse for the technologies of managerial accountability

Bluebellite and mojaveite, two new minerals from the central Mojave Desert, California, USA

Bluebellite, Cu_6[I^(5+)O_3(OH)_3](OH)_7Cl and mojaveite, Cu_6[Te^(6+)O_4(OH)_2](OH)_7Cl, are new secondary copper minerals from the Mojave Desert. The type locality for bluebellite is the D shaft, Blue Bell claims, near Baker, San Bernardino County, California, while cotype localities for mojaveite are the E pit at Blue Bell claims and also the Bird Nest drift, Otto Mountain, also near Baker. The two minerals are very similar in their properties. Bluebellite is associated particularly with murdochite, but also with calcite, fluorite, hemimorphite and rarely dioptase in a highly siliceous hornfels. It forms bright bluish-green plates or flakes up to ~20 μm ×20 μm ×5 μm in size that are usually curved. The streak is pale bluish green and the lustre is adamantine, but often appears dull because of surface roughness. It is non-fluorescent. Bluebellite is very soft (Mohs hardness ~1), sectile, has perfect cleavage on {001} and an irregular fracture. The calculated density based on the empirical formula is 4.746 g cm^(−3). Bluebellite is uniaxial (–), with mean refractive index estimated as 1.96 from the Gladstone-Dale relationship. It is pleochroic O (bluish green) >> E (nearly colourless). Electron microprobe analyses gave the empirical formula Cu_(5.82)I_(0.99)Al_(0.02)Si_(0.12)O_(3.11)(OH)_(9.80)Cl_(1.09) based on 14 (O+Cl) a.p.f.u. The Raman spectrum shows strong iodate-related bands at 680, 611 and 254 cm^(−1). Bluebellite is trigonal, space group R3, with the unit-cell parameters: a = 8.3017(5), c = 13.259(1) Å, V = 791.4(1) Å^3 and Z = 3. The eight strongest lines in the powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern are [dobs/Å (I) (hkl)]: 4.427(99)(003), 2.664(35)(211), 2.516(100)(212İ), 2.213(9)(006), 2.103(29)(033,214), 1.899(47)(312,215İ), 1.566(48)(140,217) and 1.479(29)(045,143İ,324). Mojaveite occurs at the Blue Bell claims in direct association with cerussite, chlorargyrite, chrysocolla, hemimorphite, kettnerite, perite, quartz and wulfenite, while at the Bird Nest drift, it is associated with andradite, chrysocolla, cerussite, burckhardtite, galena, goethite, khinite, mcalpineite, thorneite, timroseite, paratimroseite, quartz and wulfenite. It has also been found at the Aga mine, Otto Mountain, with cerussite, chrysocolla, khinite, perite and quartz. Mojaveite occurs as irregular aggregates of greenish-blue plates flattened on {001} and often curved, which rarely show a hexagonal outline, and also occurs as compact balls, from sky blue to medium greenish blue in colour. Aggregates and balls are up to 0.5 mm in size. The streak of mojaveite is pale greenish blue, while the lustre may be adamantine, pearly or dull, and it is non-fluorescent. The Mohs hardness is ~1. It is sectile, with perfect cleavage on {001} and an irregular fracture. The calculated density is 4.886 g cm^(−3), based on the empirical formulae and unit-cell dimensions. Mojaveite is uniaxial (–), with mean refractive index estimated as 1.95 from the Gladstone-Dale relationship. It is pleochroic O (greenish blue) >> E (light greenish blue). The empirical formula for mojaveite, based on 14 (O+Cl) a.p.f.u., is Cu_(5.92)Te_(1.00)Pb_(0.08)Bi_(0.01)O_4(OH)_(8.94)Cl_(1.06).The most intense Raman bands occur at 694, 654 (poorly resolved), 624, 611 and 254 cm^(−1). Mojaveite is trigonal, space group R3, with the unit-cell parameters: a = 8.316(2), c = 13.202(6) Å and V = 790.7(1) Å^3. The eight strongest lines in the powder XRD pattern are [d_(obs/) Å (I) (hkl)]: 4.403(91)(003), 2.672(28)(211), 2.512(100)(212İ), 2.110(27)(033,214), 1.889(34)(312,215İ,223İ), 1.570(39)(404,140,217), 1.481(34)(045,143İ,324) and 1.338(14)(422). Diffraction data could not be refined, but stoichiometries and unit-cell parameters imply that bluebellite and mojaveite are very similar in crystal structure. Structure models that satisfy bond-valence requirements are presented that are based on stackings of brucite-like Cu_6MX_(14) layers, where M = (I or Te) and X = (O, OH and Cl). Bluebellite and mojaveite provide a rare instance of isotypy between an iodate containing I^(5+) with a stereoactive lone electron pair and a tellurate containing Te^(6+) with no lone pair