Synthesis of NiO nanowalls by thermal treatment of Ni film deposited onto a stainless steel substrate

Two-dimensional nanostructures have a variety of applications due to their large surface areas. In this study, the authors present a simple and convenient method to realize two-dimensional NiO nanowalls by thermal treatment of a Ni thin film deposited by sputtering onto a stainless steel substrate. The substrate surface area is supposed to be significantly increased by creating nanowalls. The effects on the nanowall morphology of the thermal treatment temperature and duration are investigated. A mechanism based on the surface diffusion of Ni2+ ions from the Ni base film is then proposed for the growth of the NiO nanowalls. The as-synthesized NiO nanowalls are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive x-ray analysis, x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and high resolution transmission electron microscopy

Nanoenergetic Materials for MEMS: A Review

New energetic materials (EMs) are the key to great advances in microscale energy-demanding systems as actuation part, igniter, propulsion unit, and power. Nanoscale EMs (nEMs)particularly offer the promise of much higher energy densities, faster rate of energy release, greater stability, and more security sensitivity to unwanted initiation). nEMs could therefore give response to microenergetics challenges. This paper provides a comprehensive review of current research activities in nEMs for microenergetics application. While thermodynamic calculations of flame temperature and reaction enthalpies are tools to choose desirable EMs, they are not sufficient for the choice of good material for microscale application where thermal losses are very penalizing. A strategy to select nEM is therefore proposed based on an analysis of the material diffusivity and heat of reaction. Finally, after a description of the different nEMs synthesis approaches, some guidelines for future investigations are provided

Synthesis of large-area and aligned copper oxide nanowires from copper thin film on silicon substrate

Large-area and aligned copper oxide nanowires have been synthesized by thermal annealing of copper thin films deposited onto silicon substrate. The effects of the film deposition method, annealing temperature, film thickness, annealing gas, and patterning by photolithography are systematically investigated. Long and aligned nanowires can only be formed within a narrow temperature range from 400 to 500°C. Electroplated copper film is favourable for the nanowire growth, compared to that deposited by thermal evaporation. Annealing copper thin film in static air produces large-area, uniform, but not well vertically aligned nanowires along the thin film surface. Annealing copper thin film under a N2/O2 gas flow generates vertically aligned, but not very uniform nanowires on large areas. Patterning copper thin film by photolithography helps to synthesize large-area, uniform, and vertically aligned nanowires along the film surface. The copper thin film is converted into bicrystal CuO nanowires, Cu2O film, and also perhaps some CuO film after the thermal treatment in static air. Only CuO in the form of bicrystal nanowires and thin film is observed after the copper thin film is annealed under a N2/O2 gas flow

Synthesis process of nanowired Al/CuO thermite.

Al/CuO nanothermites were fabricated by thermal oxidation of copper layer at 4501C for 5 hand by aluminum thermal evaporation: thermal evaporation allows producing thin layer less than 2 mminsize. The copper has been deposited by electroplating or thermal evaporation depending on the required thickness. The obtained diameter of Al/CuO nanowiresis 150–250nm. Al/CuO nanowires composite were characterized by scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM), X-raydiffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). Two distinct exothermicreactions occurred at 515 and 6671C and total energy release of this thermite is 10kJ/cm

Development of a nano-Al/CuO based energetic material on silicon substrate

Nanoenergetic materials nEMs have improved performances compared to their bulk counterpart or microcounterpart. The authors propose an approach to synthesize an Al/CuO based nEM that has several advantages over previous investigations such as enhanced contact, reduced impurities and Al oxidation, tailored dimensions, and easier integration into microsystem. CuO nanowires are synthesized by thermally annealing Cu film deposited onto silicon. Nano-Al is integrated with the nanowires to realize an Al/CuO based nEM. The synthesized nEM is characterized by scanning electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry

Multilayered Al/CuO thermite formation by reactive magnetron sputtering: Nano versus micro

Multilayered Al/CuO thermite was deposited by a dc reactive magnetron sputtering method. Pure Al and Cu targets were used in argon–oxygen gas mixture plasma and with an oxygen partial pressure of 0.13 Pa. The process was designed to produce low stress (<50 MPa) multilayered nanoenergetic material, each layer being in the range of tens nanometer to one micron. The reaction temperature and heat of reaction were measured using differential scanning calorimetry and thermal analysis to compare nanostructured layered materials to microstructured materials. For the nanostructured multilayers, all the energy is released before the Al melting point. In the case of the microstructured samples at least 2/3 of the energy is released at higher temperatures, between 1036 and 1356 K

Aligned three-dimensional prismlike magnesium nanostructures realized onto silicon substrate

A simple approach is proposed to realize three-dimensional (3D) prismlike Mg nanostructures, which has several advantages over previous investigations such as suitable for mass production, reduced impurities, tailored dimensions, and easier integration into microsystem. 3D Mg nanostructures are realized onto silicon substrate using a conventional thermal evaporator, where the incident angle of Mg vapor flux with respect to the substrate surface normal is fixed at 88°. The as-prepared 3D Mg nanostructures are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, energy dispersive x-ray analysis, transmission electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and surface area measurement

Modélisation de la distribution géographique de deux scolytes, Tomicus destruens et Tomicus piniperda, en Europe et dans la région méditerranéenne

Article publié suite à l'événement : MEDINSECT 3 ; Hammamet-Tunis (Tunisie) - (2012-05-08 - 2012-05-11).Preliminary note – Data and results presented in that paper come from the original article: Horn A., Kerdelhué C., Lieutier F., Rossi J.P., 2012. Predicting the distribution of the two bark beetles Tomicus destruens and Tomicus piniperda in Europe and the Mediterranean region. Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 14, 358-366.Various factors such as climate and resource availability influence the geographical distributions of organisms. Species that are susceptible to small temperature variations are known to experience rapid distribution shifts as a result of current global warming, sometimes leading to new threats to agriculture and forests. Tomicus destruens and Tomicus piniperda (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) cause economic damage to pines in Europe and around the Mediterranean Basin. However, their respective potential distributions have not yet been studied at a large scale, mostly because these two species have long been misidentified. The present study aimed to investigate the influence of climatic factors on the geographical distributions of both Tomicus species in Europe and around the Mediterranean Sea, and to establish maps of suitable areas. We used occurrence data from 114 published localities where the presence or absence of both species was unambiguously recorded and confirmed by molecular data, and we gathered WorldClim meteorological records to link the occurrence of insects and climatic data and to build potential distribution maps. The two studied Tomicus species presented parapatric distributions and opposite climate requirements. T. destruens occurs in locations with warmer temperatures, whereas T. piniperda occurs under colder, continental climates. Amongst the investigated climatic variables, temperature appeared to be most correlated with both species distributions. We further extended our approach to explore potential geographical distributions under climate change scenarios. This showed that the distribution of both species is expected to exhibit strong alteration in the near future (2080) corresponding to a marked expansion of T. destruens towards northern Europe and a retractation and fragmentation of the distribution of T. piniperda.Résumé - Différents facteurs, tels que le climat ou la disponibilité de certaines ressources, affectent la distribution géographique des organismes. Aujourd’hui, les espèces sensibles à de faibles variations de température connaissent des modifications de leur aire de distribution sous l’effet du changement climatique, avec parfois de nouveaux risques pour l’agriculture et les forêts. Tomicus destruens et Tomicus piniperda (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) causent des dégâts importants aux pins en Europe et sur le pourtour méditerranéen mais leur aire de distribution potentielle à une large échelle est encore mal connue, en particulier parce que ces deux espèces ont longtemps été confondues. L’étude présentée ici a pour objectif de mieux comprendre l’impact des variables climatiques sur la distribution géographique des deux espèces et d’établir des cartes de distribution potentielle, actuelles et futures. Nous avons utilisé 114 données d’occurrence publiées pour lesquelles la présence et l’absence des deux espèces sont avérées par des diagnostiques moléculaires. Nous avons utilisé les données climatiques disponibles dans la base « WorldClim » afin d’ajuster des modèles linéaires généralisés pour modéliser les relations climat – occurrences de T. destruens et T. piniperda. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les deux espèces ont des distributions parapatriques et des préférences climatiques différentes. T. destruens est présent dans les zones les plus chaudes tandis que T. piniperda occupe les régions les plus froides ayant probablement des saisons marquées. Nous avons utilisé les modèles précédents pour réaliser une projection permettant d’estimer la distribution potentielle de chaque espèce dans le cadre du scénario de changement climatique IPCC 4 du CIAT (modèle CCCM avec un scénario d’émission a2a). Les résultats indiquent que les distributions des deux espèces devraient connaître d’importants changements à court terme (2080). Ainsi, T. destruens remonterait vers le nord de l’Europe tandis que l’aire de distribution de T. piniperda serait à la fois réduite et très fragmentée

Thermal finite-difference modeling of machining operations in polymers

Polymer materials are known to be easily damaged by temperature reached during machining operations. A two-dimensional finite-difference model is established to predict the temperature in orthogonal cutting. Calculations are validated with experiments carried out on polyurethane samples with various cutting speeds and depths of cut. The cutting temperatures are measured by thermocouples embedded within the workpiece and the tool cutting edge. The model provides a three dimensional thermal field of the workpiece with an accuracy of 20 K

Integrating Al with NiO nano honeycomb to realize an energetic material on silicon substrate

Nano energetic materials offer improved performance in energy release, ignition, and mechanical properties compared to their bulk or micro counterparts. In this study, the authors propose an approach to synthesize an Al/NiO based nano energetic material which is fully compatible with a microsystem. A two-dimensional NiO nano honeycomb is first realized by thermal oxidation of a Ni thin film deposited onto a silicon substrate by thermal evaporation. Then the NiO nano honeycomb is integrated with an Al that is deposited by thermal evaporation to realize an Al/NiO based nano energetic material. This approach has several advantages over previous investigations, such as lower ignition temperature, enhanced interfacial contact area, reduced impurities and Al oxidation, tailored dimensions, and easier integration into a microsystem to realize functional devices. The synthesized Al/NiO based nano energetic material is characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry