5,437 research outputs found
Access to aff ordable medicines after health reform: evidence from two cross-sectional surveys in Shaanxi Province,western China
Background Limited access to essential medicines is a global problem. Improving availability and aff ordability of
essential medicines is a key objective of the National Essential Medicine Policy (NEMP) in China. In its initial
implementation in 2009, the NEMP targeted primary hospitals with policies designed to increase availability of
essential medicines and reduce patients’ economic burden from purchasing medicines. We assessed medicine
availability and price during the early years of the health reform in Shaanxi Province in underdeveloped western
China.
Methods We undertook two public (hospitals) and private (pharmacy) sector surveys of prices and availability of
medicines, in September, 2010 and April, 2012, by a standard methodology developed by WHO and Health Action
International. We measured medicine availability in outlets at the time of the surveys and infl ation-adjusted median unit
prices (MUPs), taking 2010 as the base year. We used general estimating equations to calculate the signifi cance of
diff erences in availability from 2010 to 2012 and the Wilcoxon signed rank test to calculate the signifi cance of diff erences
in adjusted median prices.
Findings We collected data from 50 public sector hospitals and 36 private sector retail pharmacies in 2010 and 72 public
hospitals and 72 retail pharmacies in 2012. Mean availability of surveyed medicines was low in both the public and
private sectors; availability of many essential medicines decreased from 2010 to 2012, particularly in primary hospitals
(from 27·4% to 22·3% for lowest priced generics; p<0·0001). The MUPs of originator brands and their generic
equivalents decreased signifi cantly from 2010 to 2012 in primary hospitals in comparison with secondary and tertiary
hospitals. In the public sector, the median adjusted patient price was signifi cantly lower in 2012 than in 2010 for
16 originator brands (diff erence –11·7%; p=0·0019) and 29 lowest-priced generics (–5·2%; p=0·0015); the median
government procurement price for originator brands also decreased signifi cantly (–10·9%; p=0·0004), whereas the
decrease in median procurement price for lowest-priced generics was not signifi cant (–4·9%; p=0·17). In the private
sector, the median percentage decrease in price between 2010 and 2012 for 38 lowest-priced generics was 4·7%
(IQR 6·3–13·2), compared with 7·9% (4·9–13·9) for 16 originator brands.
Interpretation Although infl ation-adjusted medicine prices were numerically lower, there were concerning decreases
in availability of lowest-priced generic medicines in both the public and private sectors in 2012 from already low availability in 2010. A long-term, stable, and consistent information system is needed to monitor eff ects of further implementation of the Chinese Essential Medicine Policy
Single superparticle production via collision with explicit R-parity violation
We study the single production of scalar neutrinos or charginos via
collision in an R-parity () violating supersymmetric
model. It may be possible to detect a sneutrino or a chargino at a Linear
Collider (LC) in operation mode, as a test of supersymmetry and
-violation. Because of the clean background in LC, stringent constraints
on violating parameters can be obtained even if the process cannot be
observed at the future Linear Collider.Comment: 13 pages, 15 figure
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and bladder cancer prevention
Inclusion of phenacetin among ‘proven’ human carcinogens by the IARC in 1987, raised concerns about the carcinogenic potential of acetaminophen, its major metabolite. Acetaminophen has been implicated as a possible causal agent in the development of cancer of the renal pelvis. The bladder and renal pelvis, which derive from the same embryological structure, share the same transitional type of epithelium. Past studies have been inconclusive on the possible relationship among these analgesics and bladder cancer but no large, highly detailed study of this association has been conducted. A population-based case–control study conducted in Los Angeles, California, involved 1514 incident bladder cancer cases and an equal number of controls who were matched to the index cases by sex, date of birth (within 5 years) and race. Detailed information on medication use and prior medical conditions was collected through in-person interviews. Regular use of analgesics was not associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer in either men or women. In fact, compared with non- or irregular users, regular analgesic users were at a decreased risk of bladder cancer overall (odds ratio (OR) = 0.81, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.68–0.96). However, there were clear differences in both the direction and strength of the associations between the different formulation classes of analgesics and bladder cancer risk. Intake of phenacetin was positively related to bladder cancer risk in a dose-dependent manner while intake of its major metabolite in humans, acetaminophen, was unrelated to risk. Intake of all classes of NSAIDs, except pyrazolon derivatives, were negatively associated with bladder cancer risk, with suggestive evidence that the protective effect varies in strength by subcategories of formulation. Acetic acids seemed to exhibit the strongest protective effect, whereas aspirin/other salicylic acids and oxicam showed the weakest protection. © 2000 Cancer Research Campaig
Lowering solar mixing angle in inverted hierarchy without charged lepton corrections
In the present work, the inverted hierarchical neutrino mass model which is
characterised by opposite CP parity in the first two mass eigenvalues
, is studied in order to lower the predicted value of solar
mixing angle , from the tri-bimaximal mixing (TBM), without
sacrificing the conditions of maximal atmospheric mixing angle and zero reactor
angle. The present attempt is different from the earlier approach where the
correction from the charged lepton mass matrix is included in the leptonic
mixing matrix to lower the prediction on solar mixing angle. The lowering of
the solar mixing angle without charged lepton correction, can be obtained
through the variation of the input value of a flavour twister term present in
the texture of neutrino mass matrix having a 2-3 symmetry. The present analysis
agrees with the latest experimental bounds on neutrino mass parameters and also
represents an important result on the survival of the inverted hierarchical
neutrino mass models having opposite CP parity in the first two eigenvalues.Comment: 10 pages, two figures. Accepted for publication in Journal of Physics
G:Nuclear and Particle Physic
Some Implications of a Supersymmetric Model with R-Parity Breaking Bilinear Interactions
We investigate a supersymmetric scenario where R-parity is explicitly broken
through a term bilinear in the lepton and Higgs superfields in the
superpotential. We show that keeping such a term alone can lead to trilinear
interactions, similar to those that are parametrized by -and
in the literature, involving the physical fields. The upper limits
of such interactions are predictable from the constraints on the parameter
space imposed by the lepton masses and the neutrino mass limits. It is observed
that thus the resulting trilinear interactions are restricted to values that
are smaller than the existing bounds on most of the -and
-parameters. Some phenomenological consequences of such a scenario
are discussed.Comment: 26 Pages, 6 Postscript figures, Latex. An additional set of
references has been included. Typographic corrections have been made. Figures
remain all unchanged. An additional typographic correction has been mad
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