Increased voltage photovoltaic cell

A photovoltaic cell, such as a solar cell, is provided which has a higher output voltage than prior cells. The improved cell includes a substrate of doped silicon, a first layer of silicon disposed on the substrate and having opposite doping, and a second layer of silicon carbide disposed on the first layer. The silicon carbide preferably has the same type of doping as the first layer

NLO Leptoquark Production and Decay: The Narrow-Width Approximation and Beyond

We study the leptoquark model of Buchm\"uller, R\"uckl and Wyler, focusing on a particular type of scalar ($R_2$) and vector ($U_1$) leptoquark. The primary aim is to perform the calculations for leptoquark production and decay at next-to-leading order (NLO) to establish the importance of the NLO contributions and, in particular, to determine how effective the narrow-width-approximation (NWA) is at NLO. For both the scalar and vector leptoquarks it is found that the NLO contributions are large, with the larger corrections occurring for the case vector leptoquarks. For the scalar leptoquark it is found that the NWA provides a good approximation for determining the resonant peak, however the NWA is not as effective for the vector leptoquark. For both the scalar and vector leptoquarks there are large contributions away from the resonant peak, which are missing from the NWA results, and these make a significant difference to the total cross-section.Comment: 22 pages, 17 figure

Chiral behavior of baryon magnetic moments

The utility of chiral effective field theory, constructed in a manner in which loop contributions are suppressed as one moves outside the power-counting regime, is explored for baryon magnetic moments. Opportunities for the study of significant chiral curvature in valence and full QCD and the nontrivial behavior of strange- and light-quark contributions to the magnetic moment of the Lambda baryon are highlighted.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures; prepared for the proceedings of Achievements and New Directions in Subatomic Physics: Workshop in Honour of Tony Thomas' 60th Birthda

Inward foreign direct investment and constitutional change in Scotland

Purpose - To undertake an analysis of the implications of potential Scottish independence for inward foreign direct investment (FDI), multinational enterprise strategies, and the local economy.<p></p> Design/methodology/approach - Takes a multidisciplinary approach drawing upon literature and evidence in the international business and management, political economy, and economic geography fields to analyze the role and impact of inward FDI in Scotland following possible Scottish independence.<p></p> Findings - Scotland continues as an attractive location for FDI, with greater diversity than hitherto. While the country’s comparative advantages in immobile natural resources provide some protection from uncertainty, weak embeddedness is a risk factor irrespective of independence. A range of transition costs of independence are identified, which could be high and of indeterminate duration, and some will be sector-specific. There are also new possibilities for tailoring of policies, and potential reindustrialization opportunities in renewable technologies. The foreign investors most vulnerable to political risks and uncertainties are those whose market scope is the rest of the UK (rUK) either as exporters or value chain integrators, in addition to the high political risk industries of energy, banking, and financial services and defence. Scottish subsidiaries’ significance within their parent MNE groups will also be a major factor in determining responses to political risks and uncertainties.<p></p> Originality/value - Specific focus upon the impact of potential independence on the foreign-owned sector as a major contributor to the Scottish economy.<p></p&gt

Chiral effective field theory beyond the power-counting regime

Novel techniques are presented, which identify the chiral power-counting regime (PCR), and realize the existence of an intrinsic energy scale embedded in lattice QCD results that extend outside the PCR. The nucleon mass is considered as a benchmark for illustrating this new approach. Using finite-range regularization, an optimal regularization scale can be extracted from lattice simulation results by analyzing the renormalization of the low energy coefficients. The optimal scale allows a description of lattice simulation results that extend beyond the PCR by quantifying and thus handling any scheme-dependence. Preliminary results for the nucleon magnetic moment are also examined, and a consistent optimal regularization scale is obtained. This indicates the existence of an intrinsic scale corresponding to the finite size of the source of the pion cloud.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures, conferenc