Visual Interference from Street Lights: Field of Driver's View Analysis

The study aimed to perform field of human’s view analysis to predict the visual interference of drivers from street lights positioning. A concentric circle with 13 quadrants was superimposed onto a photograph taken at the reference point for the field of human's view analysis. Visual interference from  light source located close to fovea would be most disturbing and gradually reduced to the peripheral. From the field of driver's view analysis superimposed with real-scenario photos, none of the street light sources was found to fall within the fovea ring. The visual interference from street lights was negligible from the driver's view.  Keywords: Visual interference; streetlight; visual field; field of view. eISSN: 2398-4287© 2020. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bsby e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v5iSI3.258

Comparison of Accommodation Microfluctuations before and after 5 Minutes Near Digital Reading in the dark with Night Shift Mode

This study aims to compare the accommodation microfluctuation before and after 5 mins of digital reading in the dark with night shift mode. Nineteen subjects were recruited using convenient sampling and a crossover design was used to compare the accommodation microfluctuations two viewing conditions. There was no significant difference in accommodation microfluctuations before and after 5-minute reading with night shift mode and without night shift mode. The insignificant findings in the accommodation microfluctuation comparison seemed to suggest that Night Shift Mode did not display as an advantage in controlling accommodation. Keywords: Digital eye strain, accommodation microfluctuations, digital reading, night shift mode. eISSN: 2398-4287© 2020. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bsby e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v5iSI3.256

The Accommodation Response and Facility between Children and Young Adults

Tonic accommodation decreased with age among children. In young adults, late-onset myopia will develop due to occupational near vision demands. This study aims to investigate the accommodation response and facility between children and young adults, in emmetrope (non-myopic) and myope group. The accommodation response and facility of young adults and children were measured using monocular estimation method (MEM), monocular accommodative facility (MAF) and binocular accommodative facility (BAF) with an exposure of near task for 15 minutes. Near task has significantly increased the lag of accommodation in all groups (p<0.05). However, the accommodation facility was not affected by near work in all groups (p>0.05). Keywords: accommodation response, accommodation facility, myopes, emmetropes. eISSN: 2398-4287© 2020. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v5i14.216

Effect of Contrast Polarity Towards Eye Fixation Rates When Reading On Smartphone

This study is conducted to investigate the effect of contrast polarity towards eye fixation patterns when reading text on a smartphone in bright and dark conditions involving the effects when reading on a smartphone such as in real-life situations. The number of fixations and duration of fixation showed no statistically significant difference (p=0.160 and 0.099 respectively). However, emmetropic subjects showed a higher result in bright conditions compared to myopic subjects (p=0.046). This concludes that emmetropic eye movement efficiency seems superior, possibly due to lower spherical order aberration as pupil size decreases in bright illumination. Keywords: Contrast Polarity; Fixation Rates; Eye Tracking; Light conditions eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2023. The Authors. Published for AMER & cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), College of Built Environment, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v8i24.468

Optometric Analysis of Color Space and Contrast of Electronic Message Signs

This study aimed to perform optometric analysis of the color space and contrast of electronic message. Four electronic messages with different color spaces and contrast were constructed. Color space was measured by “RGB Sliders” from the menu “Transparency” in the Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2011. The luminance was measured by the luminance meter. The reading speed was recorded as words per minute. Reading speed varies significantly in four different electronic messages with different color space and contrast ratio. The mean reading speed increased significantly from L4 to L3. The highest reading speed was found at the intermediate color space. Keywords: Legibility; color space; luminance; contrast.                      eISSN: 2398-4287© 2020. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v5i15.2494

Characterizing protection ability of blue blocking lenses using k-means clustering

Blue light protection ophthalmic lenses have been regularly marketed as the ultimate protection against short-wavelength visible radiation mainly in the range of 400 nm and 450 nm. However, the actual protective effects of such lenses are currently unknown; most claims are provided by the manufacturers with limited scientific validation. This will not only make selling such lenses challenging but may provide the lens wearers little or no protection against the blue light hazard. It is recently discovered that the protection needs to take into accounts the light source that the wearers wish to protect from – heavy electronic gadget users for instance, are exposed to different spectrum of radiation compared to non-users. This problem is aggravated when the hazard needs to further be classified into the visual and non-visual effects. Non-visual impact includes the disruption in the circadian cycle which is governed by the physiological cycles of our body within 24 hours such as the melatonin hormone secretion. Such knowledge will help to educate optometrist to explain to their prospective customers and will also assist the spectacle wearers to make an informed decision based on validated scientific data

Orthopedic Calf Cast Using Antioxidative FS3200PA Nylon 3D Printing: Design And Optimization

Current cast designs such as heavy plaster cast come up with many disadvantages to patient like discomfort and itchy skin. Most of the hospitals in Malaysia are still using traditional custom made cast which is made by paris and mold that cannot be recycled. The objectives of this project were to design custom fit orthopedic cast and to optimize the weight of cast that used material of FS3200PA Nylon powder that has generally good anti-oxidative properties and not harmful to health. Computer Aided Design (CAD) software and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) computer software were used to design and optimize the shape and geometry of calf cast. T-Scan LV system is used for scanning process. The load applied for simulation are 981 N, 784.8 N, and 588.6 and the thickness varies between 1 mm, 2 mm and 3 mm. Safety factor of 1.0 ≤ s. f ≤ 3.0 is considered in selecting the acceptable combination. Fabrication of the cast had been made by used the Farsoon SS 402P laser sintering system. Through optimization and analysis, three combinations of the models are proven to be a safe-to-use model

Community-based eye health screening report in Malaysia: urban-rural referral comparison

This study compared urban and rural referrals from a community-based eye health screening program named 'Jom Check Mata Malaysia (JCMM)'. The program was carried out in nine different states in Peninsular Malaysia—a total of 18 screening locations with a mix of urban and rural. Two mobile eye clinics were mobilised for community-based eye health screenings. This study involved 3,139 participants (1,158 and 1,981 participants from rural and urban, respectively). Visual complaints were collected via interviews using an ocular symptom checklist. The visual acuity was screened using a Snellen Chart. Ocular health screening, including anterior and posterior eye segments, was screened using slit-lamp bio-microscopy and fundus camera. Overall referrals were 2,139 (68%), 846 (27%) and 362 (12%) based on visual complaints, visual acuity and ocular health screening, respectively. Rural locations had significantly higher referral rates for visual complaint screening (χ2 = 422.53, p<0.05), visual acuity screening (χ2 = 20.20, p<0.05) as well as ocular health screening (χ2 = 64.70, p<0.05) compared to the urban locations. There was a consistent pattern of higher rural referrals for all types of vision screening. Information from our three-category screening analysis could help to design a vision screening for our rural and urban populations

A Survey on Daily Activity Inclination and Health Complaints among Urban Youth in Malaysia

Environmental influence is one of the attributing factors for health status. Chronic interaction with electronic display technology and lack of outdoor activities might lead to health issues. Given the concerns about the digital impact on lifestyle and health challenges, we aimed to investigate the daily activity inclination and health complaints among the Malaysian youth. A self-administered questionnaire covering lifestyle and health challenges was completed by 220 youths aged between 16 and 25. There were a total of 22 questions. Seven questions inspected the patterns of indoor and outdoor activities. Fifteen questions focused on the visual and musculoskeletal symptoms linked to both mental and physical health. The total time spent indoors (15.0 ± 5.4 hours/day) was significantly higher than that spent outdoors (2.5 ± 2.6 hours/day) (t = 39.01, p<0.05). Total time engrossed in sedentary activities (13.0 ± 4.5 hours/day) was significantly higher than that in nonsedentary activities (4.5 ± 3.8 hours/day) comprised of indoor sports and any outdoor engagements (t = 27.10, p<0.05). The total time spent on electronic related activities (9.5 ± 3.7 hours/day) was were higher than time spent on printed materials (3.4 ± 1.6 hours/day) (t = 26.01, p<0.05). The association of sedentary activities was positive in relation to tired eyes (χ2 = 17.58, p<0.05), sensitivity to bright light (χ2 = 12.10, p<0.05), and neck pain (χ2 = 17.27, p<0.05) but negative in relation to lower back pain (χ2 = 8.81, p<0.05). Our youth spent more time in building and engaged in sedentary activities, predominantly electronic usage. The health-related symptoms, both visual and musculoskeletal symptoms, displayed a positive association with a sedentary lifestyle and a negative association with in-building time

Comparing the effect of blue-light lenses and built-in blue light Filtering software in electronic devices on accommodation accuracy during digital reading in the dark

Introduction: Blue light from electronics are linked to several visual problems including blurry vision, eyestrain, dry eye, macular degeneration, and cataracts. Lenses and software that are designed to block out blue light have been recommended for digital reading, but their visual impact remains debatable. This study aims to investigate the effect of blue-blocking ophthalmic lens (BBOL) and built-in blue light filtering software (BIBLFS) on digital reading in the dark on accommodation accuracy. Methods: This cross-sectional study design was approved by the UiTM ethics committee. Fifteen young adults were recruited using convenience sampling. The accommodation response of 1-min direct digital reading (DDR) from an iPad at 40 cm in a dark room was measured using Grand Seiko WAM5500. The digital reading in the dark was repeated with BBOL and with BIBLFS. There was a 5-min dark adaptation in between each testing condition. The spectral transmittance was analysed using Retinal Index (RI) and Circadian Index (CI).Results: The comparison of accommodation response in three testing conditions (DDR – BBOL – BIBLFS) revealed no significant difference (F = 1.735, p > 0.05). However, our RI and CI analysis revealed that BBOL and BIBLFS displayed different protective effects against spectral emission from the electronic display compared to the standard illuminate test. Conclusion: The effects of BBOL and BIBLFS on accommodation response was negligible in short-term digital reading in the dark. However, the long-term accumulative effects on the accommodation system after prolonged usage requires further investigatio