Evidence-based Kernels: Fundamental Units of Behavioral Influence

This paper describes evidence-based kernels, fundamental units of behavioral influence that appear to underlie effective prevention and treatment for children, adults, and families. A kernel is a behavior–influence procedure shown through experimental analysis to affect a specific behavior and that is indivisible in the sense that removing any of its components would render it inert. Existing evidence shows that a variety of kernels can influence behavior in context, and some evidence suggests that frequent use or sufficient use of some kernels may produce longer lasting behavioral shifts. The analysis of kernels could contribute to an empirically based theory of behavioral influence, augment existing prevention or treatment efforts, facilitate the dissemination of effective prevention and treatment practices, clarify the active ingredients in existing interventions, and contribute to efficiently developing interventions that are more effective. Kernels involve one or more of the following mechanisms of behavior influence: reinforcement, altering antecedents, changing verbal relational responding, or changing physiological states directly. The paper describes 52 of these kernels, and details practical, theoretical, and research implications, including calling for a national database of kernels that influence human behavior

Voices of Transition: sharing experiences from the primary school

Transition has long been acknowledged to have an impact upon the academic, social and emotional development of learners, which can be long lasting in effect. Using an interpretive methodology, the voices of the three key stakeholders involved in primary education transition – learners, practitioners and parents/caregivers - were sought and recorded to inform good practice. Data was collected using online and paper questionnaires, interviews and focus groups. Findings concluded that to enable successful transition there is a need for all involved to: prepare and plan, engage in effective communication, foster positive relationships, and be responsive to individual needs