Nd:Glass-Raman laser for water vapor dial

A tunable solid-state Raman shifted laser which was used in a water vapor Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) system at 9400 A is described. The DIAL transmitter is based on a tunable glass laser operating at 1.06 microns, a hydrogen Raman cell to shift the radiation to 1.88 microns, and a frequency doubling crystal. The results of measurements which characterize the output of the laser with respect to optimization of optical configuration and of Raman parameters were reported. The DIAL system was also described and preliminary atmospheric returns shown

Four countries' experiences of universal health coverage implementation: lessons for the future

AbstractBackgroundThe WHO defines universal health coverage (UHC) as access for all people to the health services they need (prevention, promotion, treatment, and rehabilitation) without financial hardship. But UHC implementation is a daunting undertaking for many countries. To commit to UHC, countries and their leaders must address questions such as: can the country afford it? What services should be provided and who should have access to them? Who should be responsible for managing insurance? And how can providers project demand and ensure adequate supply of services? Health ministers, who often serve only short terms, must address these questions about UHC, while also managing policy and services for many other health issues. We undertook case studies of four countries' experiences in implementing UHC—Thailand, Ghana, Vietnam, and Rwanda to help inform health ministers from countries still working towards the goal of UHC.MethodsWe used published information and conducted interviews with leaders from Thailand, Ghana, Vietnam, and Rwanda. We asked questions about how UHC was funded (including the package of services and population covered, with attention to the values informing these choices); the political process accompanying implementation; the sustainability of the programme; and the outcomes achieved so far in terms of measurable health benefits. We compiled each country's experience in case studies and exhibits.FindingsTeaching cases were used for a Ministerial Leadership in Health forum held at the Harvard School of Public Health and will be published as part of an open-access case collection in global health delivery. Although each country offers a unique experience and approach, there were some responses common to all countries, the most important of which was the generation of political will and accountability. Other key tactics in the successful implementation of UHC were provision of incentives for expansion of care for the most vulnerable, and adaptation and monitoring of the programme over time.InterpretationTeaching cases that document country experiences of UHC implementation and approaches to other complex health issues will contribute to an understanding of how we can improve health care for populations around the world.FundingThis research received funding from the Rockefeller Foundation and Harvard School of Public Health

Induced Ge Spin Polarization at the Fe/Ge Interface

We report direct experimental evidence showing induced magnetic moments on Ge at the interface in an Fe/Ge system. Details of the x-ray magnetic circular dichroism and resonant magnetic scattering at the Ge L edge demonstrate the presence of spin-polarized {\it s} states at the Fermi level, as well as {\it d} character moments at higher energy, which are both oriented antiparallel to the moment of the Fe layer. Use of the sum rules enables extraction of the L/S ratio, which is zero for the {\it s} part and $\sim0.5$ for the {\it d} component. These results are consistent with layer-resolved electronic structure calculations, which estimate the {\it s} and {\it d} components of the Ge moment are anti-parallel to the Fe {\it 3d} moment and have a magnitude of $\sim0.01 \mu_B$.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev. Let

Space - Single Precision Cowell Trajectory Program

Single Precision Cowell Trajectory program - digital computer program for trajectory computatio

SFPRO - Single Precision Cowell Trajectory Processor

Digital computer program for IBM 7094 computer to generate spacecraft tracking station calculation