Racial Terror and Citizenship

There is no denying that race is a critical issue in understanding the South. However, this concluding volume of The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture challenges previous understandings, revealing the region\u27s rich, ever-expanding diversity and providing new explorations of race relations. In 36 thematic and 29 topical essays, contributors examine such subjects as the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, Japanese American incarceration in the South, relations between African Americans and Native Americans, Chinese men adopting Mexican identities, Latino religious practices, and Vietnamese life in the region. Together the essays paint a nuanced portrait of how concepts of race in the South have influenced its history, art, politics, and culture beyond the familiar binary of black and white.https://scholarworks.wm.edu/asbookchapters/1099/thumbnail.jp

In the Moment of Violence: Writing the History of Postemancipation Terror

This collection of eleven original essays interrogates the concept of freedom and recenters our understanding of the process of emancipation. Who defined freedom, and what did freedom mean to nineteenth-century African Americans, both during and after slavery? Did freedom just mean the absence of constraint and a widening of personal choice, or did it extend to the ballot box, to education, to equality of opportunity? In examining such questions, rather than defining every aspect of postemancipation life as a new form of freedom, these essays develop the work of scholars who are looking at how belonging to an empowered government or community defines the outcome of emancipation. Some essays in this collection disrupt the traditional story and time-frame of emancipation. Others offer trenchant renderings of emancipation, with new interpretations of the language and politics of democracy. Still others sidestep academic conventions to speak personally about the politics of emancipation historiography, reconsidering how historians have used source material for understanding subjects such as violence and the suffering of refugee women and children. Together the essays show that the question of freedom―its contested meanings, its social relations, and its beneficiaries―remains central to understanding the complex historical process known as emancipation. Contributors: Justin Behrend, Gregory P. Downs, Jim Downs, Carole Emberton, Eric Foner, Thavolia Glymph, Chandra Manning, Kate Masur, Richard Newman, James Oakes, Susan O’Donovan, Hannah Rosen, Brenda E. Stevenson.https://scholarworks.wm.edu/asbookchapters/1089/thumbnail.jp

Introduction to Terror in the Heart of Freedom: Citizenship, Sexual Violence, and the Meaning of Race in the Postemancipation South

The meaning of race in the antebellum southern United States was anchored in the racial exclusivity of slavery (coded as black) and full citizenship (coded as white as well as male). These traditional definitions of race were radically disrupted after emancipation, when citizenship was granted to all persons born in the United States and suffrage was extended to all men. Hannah Rosen persuasively argues that in this critical moment of Reconstruction, contests over the future meaning of race were often fought on the terrain of gender. Sexual violence--specifically, white-on-black rape--emerged as a critical arena in postemancipation struggles over African American citizenship. Analyzing the testimony of rape survivors, Rosen finds that white men often staged elaborate attacks meant to enact prior racial hierarchy. Through their testimony, black women defiantly rejected such hierarchy and claimed their new and equal rights. Rosen explains how heated debates over interracial marriage were also attempts by whites to undermine African American men\u27s demands for suffrage and a voice in public affairs. By connecting histories of rape and discourses of social equality with struggles over citizenship, Rosen shows how gendered violence and gendered rhetorics of race together produced a climate of terror for black men and women seeking to exercise their new rights as citizens. Linking political events at the city, state, and regional levels, Rosen places gender and sexual violence at the heart of understanding the reconsolidation of race and racism in the postemancipation United States.https://scholarworks.wm.edu/asbookchapters/1145/thumbnail.jp

Consortia: An Evolving Landscape

Consortia remain a critical part of how academic libraries in the United States (US) collaborate and achieve scale to maximize influence for resource and content acquisition. The US consortia landscape is a complex and vibrant one with increasing levels of intra- and inter-consortia engagement. Evolving licensing and negotiation practices as well as emerging trends in scholarly communication and Open Access all affect how these groups work together. The authors interviewed consortia leaders about changes in library needs occurring over the past several years as well as needs that have emerged since the pandemic

Community-driven Repository Infrastructure Programs at LYRASIS—an Overview

Academic libraries, and institutional repositories in particular, play a key role in the ongoing quest for ways to gather metrics and connect the dots between researchers and research contributions in order to measure “institutional impact,” while also streamlining workflows to reduce administrative burden. Identifying accurate metrics and measurements for illustrating “impact” is a goal that many academic research institutions share, but these goals can only be met to the extent that all organizations across the research and scholarly communication landscape are using best practices and shared standards in research infrastructure. For example, persistent identifiers (PIDs) such as ORCID iDs (Open Researcher and Contributor Identifier) and DOIs (Digital Object Identifiers) have emerged as crucial best practices for establishing connections between researchers and their contributions while also serving as a mechanism for interoperability in sharing data across systems. The more institutions using persistent identifiers (PIDs) in their workflows, the more connections can be made between entities, making research objects more FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable). Also, when measuring institutional repository usage, clean, comparable, COUNTER-conformant statistics are needed for accurate internal assessment, as well as for benchmarking with peer institutions. In this session, we will highlight three LYRASIS consortial programs: the ORCID US Community, the LYRASIS DataCite US Community (for DOIs), and the IRUS (Institutional Repository Usage Statistics) US Community, and how these programs influence the research lifecycle. In particular, we will discuss the impact to the research, researchers, and management of institutional repositories

Exploring Household Food Insecurity and Inter-generational Self-help Club Involvement Among Grandparents Raising Grandchildren Due to HIV/AIDS in Vietnam

Intergenerational Self-help Clubs (ISHCs), also known as “Empathy Clubs” in Vietnam may aid in improving quality of life and well-being for grandparent-headed households impacted by HIV/AIDS. However, less is known about how club membership impacts household food security. This cross-sectional, mixed methods study examines the differences in household food security and coping responses to food insecurity among 30 grandparents who are raising grandchildren due to HIV/AIDS, 15 who were involved in ISHC groups and 15 who were not involved in ISHC groups, in Hai Phong, Vietnam. In addition to qualitative interviews, all grandparents completed the Household Food Security Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) to assess the prevalence of food insecurity. Chi-square and t-tests were employed to detect differences between ISHC members and nonmembers. The food security domain of anxiety and uncertainty related to having enough food was statistically significant (t [28] = 2.27, p \u3c 0.03), with ISHC participants reporting less anxiety and uncertainty. Close to half (46%) of ISHC members reported mild food insecurity. By comparison, about the same percentage (47%) of nonmembers reported moderate food insecurity. Qualitative interviews revealed that food insecurity arose from barriers to accessing food, which led to three primary coping responses: 1) reconfiguring understandings of age-related nutritional needs, 2) erosive coping, and 3) engaging networks for nutritional support. Differences between members of the ISHCs and those without club involvement suggest that a strong community connection, perhaps bonding social capital, may play a role in reducing anxiety related to having enough food. Findings suggest that ISHCs may build social capital, provide psychosocial support, and increase food security among grandparent-headed households who face vulnerability

Estimates of burden and consequences of infants born small for gestational age in low and middle income countries with INTERGROWTH-21st standard: analysis of CHERG datasets

Objectives: To estimate small for gestational age birth prevalence and attributable neonatal mortality in low and middle income countries with the INTERGROWTH-21st birth weight standard.Design: Secondary analysis of data from the Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group (CHERG), including 14 birth cohorts with gestational age, birth weight, and neonatal follow-up. Small for gestational age was defined as infants weighing less than the 10th centile birth weight for gestational age and sex with the multiethnic, INTERGROWTH-21st birth weight standard. Prevalence of small for gestational age and neonatal mortality risk ratios were calculated and pooled among these datasets at the regional level. With available national level data, prevalence of small for gestational age and population attributable fractions of neonatal mortality attributable to small for gestational age were estimated.Setting: CHERG birth cohorts from 14 population based sites in low and middle income countries.Main outcome measures: In low and middle income countries in the year 2012, the number and proportion of infants born small for gestational age; number and proportion of neonatal deaths attributable to small for gestational age; the number and proportion of neonatal deaths that could be prevented by reducing the prevalence of small for gestational age to 10%.Results: In 2012, an estimated 23.3 million infants (uncertainty range 17.6 to 31.9; 19.3% of live births) were born small for gestational age in low and middle income countries. Among these, 11.2 million (0.8 to 15.8) were term and not low birth weight (≥2500 g), 10.7 million (7.6 to 15.0) were term and low birth weight (\u3c2500 \u3eg) and 1.5 million (0.9 to 2.6) were preterm. In low and middle income countries, an estimated 606 500 (495 000 to 773 000) neonatal deaths were attributable to infants born small for gestational age, 21.9% of all neonatal deaths. The largest burden was in South Asia, where the prevalence was the highest (34%); about 26% of neonatal deaths were attributable to infants born small for gestational age. Reduction of the prevalence of small for gestational age from 19.3% to 10.0% in these countries could reduce neonatal deaths by 9.2% (254 600 neonatal deaths; 164 800 to 449 700).Conclusions: In low and middle income countries, about one in five infants are born small for gestational age, and one in four neonatal deaths are among such infants. Increased efforts are required to improve the quality of care for and survival of these high risk infants in low and middle income countries

PDLIM5 links kidney anion exchanger 1 (kAE1) to ILK and is required for membrane targeting of kAE1

Anion exchanger 1 (AE1) mediates Cl$^{-}$/HCO$_{3}$$^{-}$ exchange in erythrocytes and kidney intercalated cells where it functions to maintain normal bodily acid-base homeostasis. AE1’s C-terminal tail (AE1C) contains multiple potential membrane targeting/retention determinants, including a predicted PDZ binding motif, which are critical for its normal membrane residency. Here we identify PDLIM5 as a direct binding partner for AE1 in human kidney, via PDLIM5's PDZ domain and the PDZ binding motif in AE1C. Kidney AE1 (kAE1), PDLIM5 and integrin-linked kinase (ILK) form a multiprotein complex in which PDLIM5 provides a bridge between ILK and AE1C. Depletion of PDLIM5 resulted in significant reduction in kAE1 at the cell membrane, whereas over-expression of kAE1 was accompanied by increased PDLIM5 levels, underscoring the functional importance of PDLIM5 for proper kAE1 membrane residency, as a crucial linker between kidney-AE1 and actin cytoskeleton-associated proteins in polarized cells.This work was supported by the Wellcome Trust (grant ref: 088489/Z/09/Z and Strategic award 100140/Z/12/Z to the Cambridge Institute for Medical Research), and the British Heart Foundation (grant ref: SBAG/120). The Addenbrooke's Human Research Tissue Bank is supported by the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre.This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Nature Publishing Group via https://doi.org/10.1038/srep3970