The Retardation of Enamel Dissolution Rates by Adsorbed Long-Chain Ammonium Chlorides

Dissolution rate studies were conducted with hydroxyapatite and enamel in the presence of adsorbed surfactants. In general, the ability of the surfactant to retard the dissolution rate was directly related to its ability to adsorb onto apatite. Cetylpyridinium chloride adsorbed poorly onto apatite, and its influence on the dissolution rate was marginal. The long-chain protonated amines were much more effective as rate retarding agents, sometimes of the order of 1,000-, to 10,000-fold. These compounds were also found to adsorb much more strongly. A systematic dependence of the dissolution rate on chain length was found for these amines.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/68179/2/10.1177_00220345690480040301.pd

The future of enterprise groupware applications

This paper provides a review of groupware technology and products. The purpose of this review is to investigate the appropriateness of current groupware technology as the basis for future enterprise systems and evaluate its role in realising, the currently emerging, Virtual Enterprise model for business organisation. It also identifies in which way current technological phenomena will transform groupware technology and will drive the development of the enterprise systems of the future

So happy for your loss: Consumer schadenfreude increases choice satisfaction

Consumers often feel schadenfreude, an emotion reflecting an experience of pleasure over misfortunes of another. Schadenfreude has found wide use in advertising, but its actual consequences for consumers have not been thoroughly documented. The present research investigates the effect of schadenfreude on consumers' satisfaction with choices they have made. Building on the feelings‐as‐information theory, the authors posit that consumers take their positive feelings of schadenfreude over another's unrelated bad purchase as positive information about their own choices, and through such misattribution become more satisfied with their own choices. Three experiments show that feeling schadenfreude over another consumer's bad purchase makes consumers more satisfied with their own choices (Study 1), regardless of whether the other's bad purchase is in the same or in a different product category as one's own choice (Study 2), but only so long as consumers are not aware that they are engaging in misattribution (Study 3). The present research contributes to the literature on schadenfreude and feelings‐as‐information theory. Its findings may be used by marketers aiming to exert an unconscious influence on consumer satisfaction

The role of negative emotions in the social processes of entrepreneurship: Power rituals and shame-related appeasement behaviors

This paper examines the role of negative emotions in the social processes of entrepreneurship. Drawing on a study of Russian entrepreneurs, we develop a model of the emotional effects of social interactions between entrepreneurs and state officials. We found that negative emotions were elicited by these interactions and, in turn, fueled three forms of shame-related corrective appeasement behavior (reactive, anticipatory, and sporadic), which served to corrode entrepreneurial motivation and direct attention and energy away from business growth and development

Evidence for an Essential Deglycosylation-Independent Activity of PNGase in Drosophila melanogaster

BACKGROUND: Peptide:N-glycanase (PNGase) is an enzyme which releases N-linked glycans from glycopeptides/glycoproteins. This enzyme plays a role in the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway in yeast and mice, but the biological importance of this activity remains unknown. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In this study, we characterized the ortholog of cytoplasmic PNGases, PNGase-like (Pngl), in Drosophila melanogaster. Pngl was found to have a molecular weight of approximately 74K and was mainly localized in the cytosol. Pngl lacks a CXXC motif that is critical for enzymatic activity in other species and accordingly did not appear to possess PNGase activity, though it still retains carbohydrate-binding activity. We generated microdeletions in the Pngl locus in order to investigate the functional importance of this protein in vivo. Elimination of Pngl led to a serious developmental delay or arrest during the larval and pupal stages, and surviving mutant adult males and females were frequently sterile. Most importantly, these phenotypes were rescued by ubiquitous expression of Pngl, clearly indicating that those phenotypic consequences were indeed due to the lack of functional Pngl. Interestingly, a putative "catalytic-inactive" mutant could not rescue the growth-delay phenotype, indicating that a biochemical activity of this protein is important for its biological function. CONCLUSION: Pngl was shown to be inevitable for the proper developmental transition and the biochemical properties other than deglycosylation activity is important for its biological function

How do surgeons decide? Conduit choice in coronary artery bypass graft surgery in the UK

OBJECTIVES Conduits used in coronary artery bypass grafting may have significant impact on outcomes, but evidence is mixed and there is large variation in practice. This study provides insights into the opinions of the UK surgeons on conduit use and their decision-making processes. METHODS A questionnaire was created using the Ottawa Decision Support Framework to elicit the importance that surgeons placed on bilateral internal mammary artery grafting, skeletonization, total arterial revascularization and sequential anastomoses on a scale of 1–10. Scores ≥8 were deemed ‘important’ and ≤3 ‘not important’. Surgeons were asked to specify changes to practice in frail patients or emergencies. Additional questions included conduit type used, factors affecting decision-making and vein harvesting methods. Questionnaires were administered in person with data analysed centrally. RESULTS Ninety-seven consultant cardiac surgeons from 25 centres responded. Thirty-two percent surgeons routinely used radial arteries and 36% used right internal mammary artery. High-quality evidence contributed most to decision-making receiving a total of 328/960 points, with consultant experience being the second (255/960 points). There was a bimodal distribution of perceived importance of bilateral internal mammary artery use, with 29 (30%) ‘important’ and ‘not important’ scores each. 23% of surgeons found total arterial revascularization important. Most surgeons (64%) preferred pedicled mammary arteries. Twenty-six percent of surgeons considered sequential grafting to be important. CONCLUSIONS Low uptake of total arterial revascularization and bilateral internal mammary artery among the UK consultants may be due to the lack of high-quality evidence demonstrating a significant benefit. It is also possible that reluctance to use certain conduits may stem from low levels of exposure to conduits or inadequate training, particularly given the importance of consultant experience on decision-making