29,824 research outputs found
Teleological Essentialism: Generalized
Natural/social kind essentialism is the view that natural kind categories, both living and non-living natural kinds, as well as social kinds (e.g., race, gender), are essentialized. On this view, artifactual kinds are not essentialized. Our view—teleological essentialism—is that a broad range of categories are essentialized in terms of teleology, including artifacts. Utilizing the same kinds of experiments typically used to provide evidence of essentialist thinking—involving superficial change (study 1), transformation of insides (study 2) and inferences about offspring (study 3)—we find support for the view that a broad range of categories—living natural kinds, non-living natural kinds and artifactual kinds—are essentialized in terms of teleology. Study 4 tests a unique prediction of teleological essentialism and also provides evidence that people make inferences about purposes which in turn guide categorization judgments
Giant electrocaloric effect around T
We use molecular dynamics with a first-principles-based shell model potential
to study the electrocaloric effect (ECE) in lithium niobate, LiNbO, and
find a giant electrocaloric effect along a line passing through the
ferroelectric transition. With applied electric field, a line of maximum ECE
passes through the zero field ferroelectric transition, continuing along a
Widom line at high temperatures with increasing field, and along the
instability that leads to homogeneous ferroelectric switching below with
an applied field antiparallel to the spontaneous polarization. This line is
defined as the minimum in the inverse capacitance under applied electric field.
We investigate the effects of pressure, temperature and applied electric field
on the ECE. The behavior we observe in LiNbO should generally apply to
ferroelectrics; we therefore suggest that the operating temperature for
refrigeration and energy scavenging applications should be above the
ferroelectric transition region to obtain large electrocaloric response. We
find a relationship among , the Widom line and homogeneous switching that
should be universal among ferroelectrics, relaxors, multiferroics, and the same
behavior should be found under applied magnetic fields in ferromagnets.Comment: 5 page
Teleological Essentialism
Placeholder essentialism is the view that there is a causal essence that holds category members together, though we may not know what the essence is. Sometimes the placeholder can be filled in by scientific essences, such as when we acquire scientific knowledge that the atomic weight of gold is 79. We challenge the view that placeholders are elaborated by scientific essences. On our view, if placeholders are elaborated, they are elaborated Aristotelian essences, a telos. Utilizing the same kinds of experiments used by traditional essentialists—involving superficial change (study 1), transformation of insides (study 2), acquired traits (study 3) and inferences about offspring (study 4)—we find support for the view that essences are elaborated by a telos. And we find evidence (study 5) that teleological essences may generate category judgments
Electronic properties of Fabre charge-transfer salts under various temperature and pressure conditions
Using density functional theory, we determine parameters of tight-binding
Hamiltonians for a variety of Fabre charge transfer salts, focusing in
particular on the effects of temperature and pressure. Besides relying on
previously published crystal structures, we experimentally determine two new
sets of structures; (TMTTF)SbF at different temperatures and
(TMTTF)PF at various pressures. We find that a few trends in the
electronic behavior can be connected to the complex phase diagram shown by
these materials. Decreasing temperature and increasing pressure cause the
systems to become more two-dimensional. We analyze the importance of
correlations by considering an extended Hubbard model parameterized using
Wannier orbital overlaps and show that while charge order is strongly activated
by the inter-site Coulomb interaction, the magnetic order is only weakly
enhanced. Both orders are suppressed when the effective pressure is increased.Comment: 12 pages, 16 figure
Operator product expansion coefficients from the nonperturbative functional renormalization group
Using the nonperturbative functional renormalization group (FRG) within the Blaizot-M\'endez-Galain-Wschebor approximation, we compute the operator product expansion (OPE) coefficient associated with the operators and in the three-dimensional universality class and in the Ising universality class () in dimensions . When available, exact results and estimates from the conformal bootstrap and Monte-Carlo simulations compare extremely well to our results, while FRG is able to provide values across the whole range of and considered
Adiabatic Magnetization of Superconductors as a High-Performance Cooling Mechanism
The adiabatic magnetization of a superconductor is a cooling principle
proposed in the 30s, which has never been exploited up to now. Here we present
a detailed dynamic description of the effect, computing the achievable final
temperatures as well as the process timescales for different superconductors in
various regimes. We show that, although in the experimental conditions explored
so far the method is in fact inefficient, a suitable choice of initial
temperatures and metals can lead to unexpectedly large cooling effect, even in
the presence of dissipative phenomena. Our results suggest that this principle
can be re-envisaged today as a performing refrigeration method to access the
microK regime in nanodevices.Comment: 4 pages, 3 color figure
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