The Sensitivity of HAWC to High-Mass Dark Matter Annihilations

The High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory is a wide field-of-view detector sensitive to gamma rays of 100 GeV to a few hundred TeV. Located in central Mexico at 19 degrees North latitude and 4100 m above sea level, HAWC will observe gamma rays and cosmic rays with an array of water Cherenkov detectors. The full HAWC array is scheduled to be operational in Spring 2015. In this paper, we study the HAWC sensitivity to the gamma-ray signatures of high-mass (multi- TeV) dark matter annihilation. The HAWC observatory will be sensitive to diverse searches for dark matter annihilation, including annihilation from extended dark matter sources, the diffuse gamma-ray emission from dark matter annihilation, and gamma-ray emission from non-luminous dark matter subhalos. Here we consider the HAWC sensitivity to a subset of these sources, including dwarf galaxies, the M31 galaxy, the Virgo cluster, and the Galactic center. We simulate the HAWC response to gamma rays from these sources in several well-motivated dark matter annihilation channels. If no gamma-ray excess is observed, we show the limits HAWC can place on the dark matter cross-section from these sources. In particular, in the case of dark matter annihilation into gauge bosons, HAWC will be able to detect a narrow range of dark matter masses to cross-sections below thermal. HAWC should also be sensitive to non-thermal cross-sections for masses up to nearly 1000 TeV. The constraints placed by HAWC on the dark matter cross-section from known sources should be competitive with current limits in the mass range where HAWC has similar sensitivity. HAWC can additionally explore higher dark matter masses than are currently constrained.Comment: 15 pages, 4 figures, version to be published in PR

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection

Prospect and potential of Burkholderia sp. against Phytophthora capsici Leonian: a causative agent for foot rot disease of black pepper

Foot rot disease is a very destructive disease in black pepper in Malaysia. It is caused by Phytophthora capsici Leonian, which is a soilborne pathogenic protist (phylum, Oomycota) that infects aerial and subterranean structures of many host plants. This pathogen is a polycyclic, such that multiple cycles of infection and inoculum production occur in a single growing season. It is more prevalent in the tropics because of the favourable environmental conditions. The utilization of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) as a biological control agent has been successfully implemented in controlling many plant pathogens. Many studies on the exploration of beneficial organisms have been carried out such as Pseudomonas fluorescens, which is one of the best examples used for the control of Fusarium wilt in tomato. Similarly, P. fluorescens is found to be an effective biocontrol agent against the foot rot disease in black pepper. Nowadays there is tremendous novel increase in the species of Burkholderia with either mutualistic or antagonistic interactions in the environment. Burkholderia sp. is an indigenous PGPR capable of producing a large number of commercially important hydrolytic enzymes and bioactive substances that promote plant growth and health; are eco-friendly, biodegradable and specific in their actions; and have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity in keeping down the population of phytopathogens, thus playing a great role in promoting sustainable agriculture today. Hence, in this book chapter, the potential applications of Burkholderia sp. to control foot rot disease of black pepper in Malaysia, their control mechanisms, plant growth promotion, commercial potentials and the future prospects as indigenous PGPR were discussed in relation to sustainable agriculture

Search for gamma-rays from the unusually bright GRB 130427a with the hawc gamma-ray observatory

The first limits on the prompt emission from the long gamma-ray burst (GRB) 130427A in the >100 GeV energy band are reported. GRB 130427A was the most powerful burst ever detected with a redshift z ≲ 0.5 and featured the longest lasting emission above 100 MeV. The energy spectrum extends at least up to 95 GeV, clearly in the range observable by the High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) Gamma-Ray Observatory, a new extensive air shower detector currently under construction in central Mexico. The burst occurred under unfavorable observation conditions, low in the sky and when HAWC was running 10% of the final detector. Based on the observed light curve at MeV-GeV energies, eight different time periods have been searched for prompt and delayed emission from this GRB. In all cases, no statistically significant excess of counts has been found and upper limits have been placed. It is shown that a similar GRB close to zenith would be easily detected by the full HAWC detector, which will be completed soon. The detection rate of the full HAWC detector may be as high as one to two GRBs per year. A detection could provide important information regarding the high energy processes at work and the observation of a possible cut-off beyond the Fermi Large Area Telescope energy range could be the signature of gamma-ray absorption, either in the GRB or along the line of sight due to the extragalactic background light

Observation of small-scale anisotropy in the arrival direction distribution of TeV cosmic rays with HAWC

The High-Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) Observatory is sensitive to gamma rays and charged cosmic rays at TeV energies. The detector is still under construction, but data acquisition with the partially deployed detector started in 2013. An analysis of the cosmic-ray arrival direction distribution based on 4.9 × 1010 events recorded between 2013 June and 2014 February shows anisotropy at the 10-4 level on angular scales of about 10°. The HAWC cosmic-ray sky map exhibits three regions of significantly enhanced cosmic-ray flux; two of these regions were first reported by the Milagro experiment. A third region coincides with an excess recently reported by the ARGO-YBJ experiment. An angular power spectrum analysis of the sky shows that all terms up to l = 15 contribute significantly to the excesses

Sensitivity of the high altitude water Cherenkov detector to sources of multi-TeV gamma rays

The High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory is an array of large water Cherenkov detectors sensitive to gamma rays and hadronic cosmic rays in the energy band between 100 GeV and 100 TeV. The observatory will be used to measure high-energy protons and cosmic rays via detection of the energetic secondary particles reaching the ground when one of these particles interacts in the atmosphere above the detector. HAWC is under construction at a site 4100 meters above sea level on the northern slope of the volcano Sierra Negra, which is located in central Mexico at 19 N latitude. It is scheduled for completion in 2014. In this paper we estimate the sensitivity of the HAWC instrument to point-like and extended sources of gamma rays. The source fluxes are modeled using both unbroken power laws and power laws with exponential cutoffs. HAWC, in one year, is sensitive to point sources with integral power-law spectra as low as 5×10-13 cm-2sec-1 above 2 TeV (approximately 50 mCrab) over 5 sr of the sky. This is a conservative estimate based on simple event parameters and is expected to improve as the data analysis techniques are refined. We discuss known TeV sources and the scientific contributions that HAWC can make to our understanding of particle acceleration in these sources. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Milagro limits and HAWC sensitivity for the rate-density of evaporating Primordial Black Holes

Primordial Black Holes (PBHs) are gravitationally collapsed objects that may have been created by density fluctuations in the early universe and could have arbitrarily small masses down to the Planck scale. Hawking showed that due to quantum effects, a black hole has a temperature inversely proportional to its mass and will emit all species of fundamental particles thermally. PBHs with initial masses of ∼5.0 × 1014 g should be expiring in the present epoch with bursts of high-energy particles, including gamma radiation in the GeV-TeV energy range. The Milagro high energy observatory, which operated from 2000 to 2008, is sensitive to the high end of the PBH evaporation gamma-ray spectrum. Due to its large field-of-view, more than 90% duty cycle and sensitivity up to 100 TeV gamma rays, the Milagro observatory is well suited to perform a search for PBH bursts. Based on a search on the Milagro data, we report new PBH burst rate density upper limits over a range of PBH observation times. In addition, we report the sensitivity of the Milagro successor, the High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory, to PBH evaporation events

Global multi-stakeholder endorsement of the MAFLD definition

none1055noneMendez-Sanchez N.; Bugianesi E.; Gish R.G.; Lammert F.; Tilg H.; Nguyen M.H.; Sarin S.K.; Fabrellas N.; Zelber-Sagi S.; Fan J.-G.; Shiha G.; Targher G.; Zheng M.-H.; Chan W.-K.; Vinker S.; Kawaguchi T.; Castera L.; Yilmaz Y.; Korenjak M.; Spearman C.W.; Ungan M.; Palmer M.; El-Shabrawi M.; Gruss H.-J.; Dufour J.-F.; Dhawan A.; Wedemeyer H.; George J.; Valenti L.; Fouad Y.; Romero-Gomez M.; Eslam M.; Abate M.L.; Abbas B.; Abbassy A.A.; Abd El Ghany W.; Abd Elkhalek A.; Abd ElMajeed E.; Abdalgaber M.; AbdAllah M.; Abdallah M.; Abdallah N.; Abdelaleem S.; Abdelghani Y.; Abdelghany W.; Abdelhalim S.M.; Abdelhamid W.; Abdelhamid N.; Abdelkader N.A.; Abdelkreem E.; Abdelmohsen A.M.; Abdelrahman A.A.; Abd-elsalam S.M.; Abdeltawab D.; Abduh A.; Abdulhakam N.; Abdulla M.; Abedpoor N.; Abenavoli L.; Aberg F.; Ablack O.; Abo elftouh M.; Abo-Amer Y.E.-E.; Aboubkr A.; Aboud A.; Abouelnaga A.M.; Aboufarrag G.A.; Aboutaleb A.; Abundis L.; Adali G.; Adames E.; Adams L.; Adda D.; Adel N.; Adel N.; Adel Sayed M.; Afaa T.J.; Afredj N.; Aghayeva G.; Aghemo A.; Aguilar-Salinas C.A.; Ahlenstiel G.; Ahmady W.; Ahmed W.; Ahmed A.; Ahmed S.N.; Ahmed H.M.; Ahmed R.; Aigner E.; Akarsu M.; Akroush M.; Akyuz U.; Al Mahtab M.; Al Qadiri T.; Al Rawahi Y.; AL rubaee R.; Al Saffar M.; Alam S.; Al-Ani Z.; Albillos A.; Alboraie M.; Al-Busafi S.; Al-Emam M.; Alharthi J.; Ali K.; Ali B.A.; Ali M.; Ali R.A.R.; Alisi A.; AL-Khafaji A.R.; Alkhatry M.; Aller R.; Almansoury Y.; Al-Naamani K.; Alnakeeb A.; Alonso A.; Alqahtani S.A.; Alrabadi L.; Alswat K.; Altaher M.; Altamimi T.; Altamirano J.; Alvares-da-Silva M.R.; Aly E.A.M.; Alzahaby A.; Alzamzamy A.; Amano K.; Amer M.A.; Amin M.A.; Amin S.A.; Amir A.A.; Ampuero J.; Anas N.; Andreone P.; Andriamandimby S.F.; Anees M.; Angela P.; Antonios M.; Arafat W.; Araya J.M.; Armendariz-Borunda J.; Armstrong M.J.; Ashktorab H.; Aspichueta P.; Assal F.; Atef M.; Attia D.; Atwa H.; Awad R.; Awad M.A.E.; Awny S.; Awolowo O.; Awuku Y.A.; Ayada I.; Aye T.T.; Ayman S.; Ayman H.; Ayoub H.; Azmy H.M.; Babaran R.P.; Badreldin O.; Badry A.; Bahcecioglu I.H.; Bahour A.; Bai J.; Balaban Y.; Balasubramanyam M.; Bamakhrama K.; Banales J.M.; Bangaru B.; Bao J.; Barahona J.S.; Barakat S.; Barbalho S.M.; Barbra B.; Barranco B.; Barrera F.; Baumann U.; Bazeed S.; Bech E.; Benayad A.; Benesic A.; Bernstein D.; Bessone F.; Birney S.; Bisseye C.; Blake M.; Bobat B.; Bonfrate L.; Bordin D.S.; Bosques-Padilla F.; Boursier J.; Boushab B.M.; Bowen D.; Bravo P.M.; Brennan P.N.; Bright B.; Broekaert I.; Buque X.; Burgos-Santamaria D.; Burman J.; Busetto L.; Byrne C.D.; Cabral-Prodigalidad P.A.I.; Cabrera-Alvarez G.; Cai W.; Cainelli F.; Caliskan A.R.; Canbay A.; Cano-Contreras A.; Cao H.-X.; Cao Z.; Carrion A.; Carubbi F.; Casanovas T.; Castellanos Fernandez M.I.; Chai J.; Chan S.P.; Charatcharoenwitthaya P.; Chavez-Tapia N.; Chayama K.; Chen J.; Chen L.; Chen Z.-W.; Chen H.; Chen S.-D.; Chen Q.; Chen Y.; Chen G.; Chen E.-Q.; Chen F.; Chen P.-J.; Cheng R.; Cheng W.; Chieh J.T.W.; Chokr I.; Cholongitas E.; Choudhury A.; Chowdhury A.; Chukwudike E.S.; Ciardullo S.; Clayton M.; Clement K.; Cloa M.M.; Coccia C.; Collazos C.; Colombo M.; Cosar A.M.; Cotrim H.P.; Couillerot J.; Coulibaly A.; Crespo G.; Crespo J.; Cruells M.; Cua I.H.Y.; Dabbous H.K.; Dalekos G.N.; D'Alia P.; Dan L.; Dao V.H.; Darwish M.; Datz C.; Davalos-Moscol M.B.; Dawoud H.; de Careaga B.O.; de Knegt R.; de Ledinghen V.; de Silva J.; Debzi N.; Decraecker M.; Del Pozo E.; Delgado T.C.; Delgado-Blanco M.; Dembinski L.; Depina A.; Derbala M.; Desalegn H.; Desbois-Mouthon C.; Desoky M.; Dev A.; Di Ciaula A.; Diago M.; Diallo I.; Diaz L.A.; Dirchwolf M.; Dongiovanni P.; Dorofeyev A.; Dou X.; Douglas M.W.; Doulberis M.; Dovia C.K.; Doyle A.; Dragojevic I.; Drenth J.P.; Duan X.; Dulskas A.; Dumitrascu D.L.; Duncan O.; Dusabejambo V.; Dwawhi R.S.N.A.; Eiketsu S.; El Amrousy D.; El Deeb A.; El Deriny G.; El Din H.S.; El Kamshishy S.; El Kassas M.; El Raziky M.; Elagamy O.A.; Elakel W.; Elalfy D.; Elaraby H.; ElAwady H.; Elbadawy R.; Eldash H.H.; Eldefrawy M.S.; Elecharri C.L.; Elfaramawy A.; Elfatih M.; Elfiky M.; Elgamsy M.; Elgendy M.; El-Guindi M.A.; Elhussieny N.; Eliwa A.M.; Elkabbany Z.; El-Khayat H.; El-Koofy N.M.; Elmetwalli A.; Elrabat A.; El-Raey F.; Elrashdy F.; Elsahhar M.; Elsaid E.M.; Elsayed S.; Elsayed H.; Elsayed A.; Elsayed A.M.; Elsayed H.; El-Serafy M.; Elsharkawy A.M.; Elsheemy R.Y.; Elshemy E.E.; Elsherbini S.; Eltoukhy N.; Elwakil R.; Emad O.; Emad S.; Embabi M.; Ergenc I.; Ermolova T.; Esmat G.; Esmat D.M.; Estupinan E.C.; Ettair S.; Eugen T.; Ezz-Eldin M.; Falcon L.P.V.; Fan Y.-C.; Fandari S.; Farag M.; Farahat T.M.; Fares E.M.; Fares M.; Fassio E.; Fathy H.; Fathy D.; Fathy W.; Fayed S.; Feng D.; Feng G.; Fernandez-Bermejo M.; Ferreira C.T.; Ferrer J.D.; Forbes A.; Fouad R.; Fouad H.M.; Frisch T.; Fujii H.; Fukunaga S.; Fukunishi S.; Fulya H.; Furuhashi M.; Gaber Y.; Galang A.J.G.; Gallardo J.C.; Galloso R.; Gamal M.; Gamal R.; Gamal H.; Gan J.; Ganbold A.; Gao X.; Garas G.; Garba T.; Garcia-Cortes M.; Garcia-Monzon C.; Garcia-Samaniego J.; Gastaldelli A.; Gatica M.; Gatley E.; Gegeshidze T.; Geng B.; Ghazinyan H.; Ghoneem S.; Giacomelli L.; Giannelli G.; Giannini E.G.; Giefer M.; Gines P.; Girala M.; Giraudi P.J.; Goh G.B.-B.; Gomaa A.A.; Gong B.; Gonzales D.H.C.; Gonzalez H.C.; Gonzalez-Huezo M.S.; Graupera I.; Grgurevic I.; Gronbaek H.; Gu X.; Guan L.; Gueye I.; Guingane A.N.; Gul O.O.; Gul C.B.; Guo Q.; Gupta P.P.; Gurakar A.; Gutierrez J.C.R.; Habib G.; Hafez A.; Hagman E.; Halawa E.; Hamdy O.; Hamed A.E.; Hamed D.H.; Hamid S.; Hamoudi W.; Han Y.; Haridy J.; Haridy H.; Harris D.C.H.H.; Hart M.; Hasan F.; Hashim A.; Hassan I.; Hassan A.; Hassan E.A.; Hassan A.A.; Hassan M.S.; Hassanin F.; Hassnine A.; Haukeland J.W.; Hawal A.I.M.; He J.; He Q.; He Y.; He F.-P.; Hegazy M.; Hegazy A.; Henegil O.; Hernandez N.; Hernandez-Guerra M.; Higuera-de-la-Tijera F.; Hindy I.; Hirota K.; Ho L.C.; Hodge A.; Hosny M.; Hou X.; Huang J.-F.; Huang Y.; Huang Z.; Huang Y.; Huang A.; Huang X.-P.; Hui-ping S.; Hunyady B.; Hussein M.A.; Hussein O.; Hussien S.M.; Ibanez-Samaniego L.; Ibdah J.; Ibrahim L.; Ibrahim M.; Ibrahim I.; Icaza-Chavez M.E.; Idelbi S.; Idilman R.I.; Ikeda M.; Indolfi G.; Invernizzi F.; Irshad I.; Isa H.M.A.; Iskandar N.J.; Ismaiel A.; Ismail M.; Ismail Z.; Ismail F.; Iwamoto H.; Jack K.; Jacob R.; Jafarov F.; Jafri W.; Jahshan H.; Jalal P.K.; Jancoriene L.; Janicko M.; Jayasena H.; Jefferies M.; Jha V.; Ji F.; Ji Y.; Jia J.; Jiang C.; Jiang N.; Jiang Z.-Z.; Jin X.; Jin Y.; Jing X.; Jingyu Q.; Jinjolava M.; Jong F.H.H.; Jucov A.; Julius I.; Kaddah M.; Kamada Y.; kamal A.; Kamal E.M.; Kamel A.S.; Kao J.-H.; Karin M.; Karlas T.; Kashwaa M.; Katsidzira L.; Kaya E.; Kayasseh M.A.; Keenan B.; Keklikkiran C.; Keml W.; Khalaf D.K.; Khalefa R.; Khamis S.; Khater D.; khattab H.; Khavkin A.; Khlynova O.; Khmis N.; Kobyliak N.; Koffas A.; Koike K.; Kok K.Y.Y.; Koller T.; Komas N.P.; Korochanskaya N.V.; Koulla Y.; Koya S.; Kraft C.; Kraja B.; Krawczyk M.; Kuchay M.S.; Kulkarni A.V.; Kumar A.; Kumar M.; Lakoh S.; Lam P.; Lan L.; Lange N.F.; Lankarani K.B.; Lanthier N.; Lapshyna K.; Lashen S.A.; Laure K.N.J.; Lazebnik L.; Lebrec D.; Lee S.S.; Lee W.S.; Lee Y.Y.; Leeming D.J.; Leite N.C.; Leon R.; Lesmana C.R.A.; Li J.; Li Q.; Li J.; Li Y.-Y.; Li Y.; Li L.; Li M.; li Y.; Liang H.; Lijuan T.; Lim S.G.; Lim L.-L.; Lin S.; Lin H.-C.; Lin R.; Lithy R.; Liu Y.; Liu Y.; Liu X.; Liu W.-Y.; Liu S.; Liu K.; Liu T.; Lonardo A.; Lopez M.B.; Lopez-Benages E.; Lopez-Jaramillo P.; Lu H.; Lu L.G.; Lu Y.; Lubel J.; Lui R.; Lupasco I.; Luzina E.; Lv X.-H.; Lynch K.; Ma H.-L.; Machado M.V.; Maduka N.; Madzharova K.; Magdaong R.; Mahadeva S.; Mahfouz A.; Mahmood N.R.K.N.; Mahmoud E.; Mahrous M.; Maiwall R.; Majeed A.; Majumdar A.; Mak L.; Maklouf M.M.; Malekzadeh R.; Mandato C.; Mangia A.; Mann J.; Mansour H.H.; Mansouri A.; Mantovani A.; Mao J.Q.; Maramag F.; Marchesini G.; Marcus C.; Marinho R.A.R.T.; Martinez-Chantar M.L.; Martins A.A.S.; Marwan R.; Mason K.F.; Masoud G.; Massoud M.N.; Matamoros M.A.; Mateos R.M.; Mawed A.; Mbanya J.C.; Mbendi C.; McColaugh L.; McLeod D.; Medina J.F.R.; Megahed A.; Mehrez M.; Memon I.; Merat S.; Mercado R.; Mesbah A.; Meskini T.; Metwally M.; Metwaly R.; Miao L.; Micah E.; Miele L.; Milivojevic V.; Milovanovic T.; Mina Y.L.; Mishkovik M.; Mishriki A.; Mitchell T.; Mohamed A.; Mohamed M.; Mohamed S.; Mohammed S.; Mohammed A.; Mohan V.; Mohie S.; Mokhtar A.; Moniem R.; Montilla M.S.; Morales J.A.O.; Morata M.M.S.; Moreno-Planas J.M.; Morise S.; Mosaad S.; Moselhy M.; Mostafa A.M.; Mostafa E.; Mouane N.; Mousa N.; Moustafa H.M.; Msherif A.; Muller K.; Munoz C.; Munoz-Urribarri A.B.; Murillo O.A.; Mustapha F.I.; Muzurovic E.; Nabil Y.; Nafady S.; Nagamatsu A.; Nakajima A.; Nakano D.; Nan Y.; Nascimbeni F.; Naseef M.S.; Nashat N.; Natalia T.; Negro F.; Nersesov A.V.; Neuman M.; Ng'wanasayi M.; Ni Y.; Nicoll A.; Niizeki T.; Nikolova D.; Ningning W.; Niriella M.; Nogoibaeva K.A.; Nordien R.; O Sullivan C.; O'Beirne J.; Obekpa S.; Ocama P.; Ochwoto M.; Ogolodom M.P.; Ojo O.; Okrostsvaridze N.; Oliveira C.P.; Omana R.C.; Omar O.M.; Omar H.; Omar M.; Omran S.; Omran R.; Osman M.M.; Owise N.; Owusu-Ansah T.; Padilla- Machaca P.M.; Palle S.; Pan Z.; Pan X.-Y.; Pan Q.; Papaefthymiou A.; Paquissi F.C.; Par G.; Parkash A.; Payawal D.; Peltekian K.M.; Peng X.; Peng L.; Peng Y.; Pengoria R.; Perez M.; Perez J.L.; Perez N.M.; Persico M.; Pessoa M.G.; Petta S.; Philip M.; Plaz Torres M.C.; Polavarapu N.; Poniachik J.; Portincasa P.; Pu C.; Purnak T.; Purwanto E.; Qi X.; Qi X.; Qian Z.; Qiang Z.; Qiao Z.; Qiao L.; Queiroz A.; Rabiee A.; Radwan M.; Rahetilahy A.M.; Ramadan Y.; Ramadan D.; Ramli A.S.; Ramm G.A.; Ran A.; Rankovic I.; RAO H.; Raouf S.; Ray S.; Reau N.; Refaat A.; Reiberger T.; Remes-Troche J.M.; Reyes E.C.; Richardson B.; Ridruejo E.; Riestra Jimenez S.; Rizk I.; Roberts S.; Roblero J.P.; Robles J.A.P.; Rockey D.; Rodriguez M.; Rodriguez Hernandez H.; Roman E.; Romeiro F.G.; Romeo S.; Rosales-Zabal J.M.; Roshdi G.R.; Rosso N.; Ruf A.; Ruiz P.C.; Runes N.R.; Ruzzenente A.; Ryan M.; Saad A.; Sabbagh E.B.; Sabbah M.; Saber S.; Sabrey R.; Sabry R.; Saeed M.A.; Said D.; Said E.M.; Sakr M.A.; Salah Y.; Salama R.M.; Salama A.; Saleh H.; Saleh A.; Salem A.; Salem A.T.; Salifou A.; Salih A.F.; Salman A.; Samouda H.; Sanai F.; Sanchez-Avila J.F.; Sanker L.; Sano T.; Sanz M.; Saparbu T.; Sawhney R.; Sayed F.; Sayed S.A.; Sayed A.O.; Sayed M.; Sebastiani G.; Secadas L.; Sediqi K.Q.; Seif S.; Semida N.; Senates E.; Serban E.D.; Serfaty L.; Seto W.-K.; Sghaier I.; Sha M.; Shabaan H.M.; Shalaby L.; Shaltout I.; Sharara A.I.; Sharma V.; Shawa I.T.; Shawkat A.; Shawky N.; Shehata O.; Sheils S.; Shewaye A.B.; Shi G.; Shi J.; Shimose S.; Shirono T.; Shou L.; Shrestha A.; Shui G.; Sievert W.; Sigurdardottir S.; Sira M.M.; Siradj R.; Sison C.; Smyth L.; Soliman R.; Sollano J.D.; Sombie R.; Sonderup M.; Sood S.; Soriano G.; Stedman C.A.M.; Stefanyuk O.; Stimac D.; Strasser S.; Strnad P.; Stuart K.; Su W.; Su M.; Sumida Y.; Sumie S.; Sun D.-Q.; Sun J.; Suzuki H.; Svegliati-Baroni G.; Swar M.O.; TAHARBOUCHT S.; Taher Z.; Takamura S.; Tan L.; Tan S.-S.; Tanwandee T.; Tarek S.; Tatiana G.; Tavaglione F.; Tecson G.Y.; Tee H.-P.; Teschke R.; Tharwat M.; Thong V.D.; Thursz M.; Tine T.; Tiribelli C.; Tolmane I.; Tong J.; Tongo M.; Torkie M.; Torre A.; Torres E.A.; Trajkovska M.; Treeprasertsuk S.; Tsutsumi T.; Tu T.; Tur J.A.; Turan D.; Turcan S.; Turkina S.; Tutar E.; Tzeuton C.; Ugiagbe R.; Uygun A.; Vacca M.; Vajro P.; Van der Poorten D.; Van Kleef L.A.; Vashakidze E.; Velazquez C.M.; Velazquez M.I.; Vento S.; Verhoeven V.; Vespasiani-Gentilucci U.; Vethakkan S.R.; Vilaseca J.; Vitek L.; Volkanovska A.; Wallace M.; Wan W.; Wang Y.; Wang Y.; Wang X.; Wang X.; Wang C.; Wang C.; Wang M.; Wangchuk P.; Weltman M.; White M.; Wiegand J.; Wifi M.-N.; Wigg A.; Wilhelmi M.; William R.; Wittenburg H.; Wu S.; Wubeneh A.M.; Xia H.; Xiao J.; Xiao X.; Xiaofeng W.; Xiong W.; Xu L.; Xu J.; Xu W.; Xu J.-H.; Xu K.; Xu Y.; Xu S.-H.; Xu M.; Xu A.; Xu C.; Yan H.; Yang J.; Yang R.-X.; Yang Y.; Yang Q.; Yang N.; Yao J.; Yara J.; Yaras S.; Yilmaz N.; Younes R.; younes H.; Young S.; Youssef F.; Yu Y.; Yu M.-L.; Yuan J.; Yue Z.; Yuen M.-F.; Yun W.; Yurukova N.; Zakaria S.; Zaky S.; Zaldastanishvili M.; Zapata R.; Zare N.; Zerem E.; Zeriban N.; Zeshuai X.; Zhang H.; Zhang X.; Zhang Y.; Zhang W.-H.; Zhang X.; Zhang Y.-P.; Zhang Y.; Zhang Z.-Q.; Zhao J.; Zhao R.-R.; Zhao H.; Zheng C.; Zheng Y.; Zheng R.; Zheng T.-L.; Zheng K.; Zhou X.Q.; Zhou Y.; Zhou Y.-J.; Zhou H.; Zhou L.; Zhou Y.; Zhu L.D.; Zhu Y.F.; Zhu Y.; Zhu P.-W.; Ziada E.; Ziring D.; Ziyi L.; Zou S.; Zou Z.; Zou H.; Zuart Ruiz R.Mendez-Sanchez, N.; Bugianesi, E.; Gish, R. G.; Lammert, F.; Tilg, H.; Nguyen, M. H.; Sarin, S. K.; Fabrellas, N.; Zelber-Sagi, S.; Fan, J. -G.; Shiha, G.; Targher, G.; Zheng, M. -H.; Chan, W. -K.; Vinker, S.; Kawaguchi, T.; Castera, L.; Yilmaz, Y.; Korenjak, M.; Spearman, C. W.; Ungan, M.; Palmer, M.; El-Shabrawi, M.; Gruss, H. -J.; Dufour, J. -F.; Dhawan, A.; Wedemeyer, H.; George, J.; Valenti, L.; Fouad, Y.; Romero-Gomez, M.; Eslam, M.; Abate, M. L.; Abbas, B.; Abbassy, A. A.; Abd El Ghany, W.; Abd Elkhalek, A.; Abd ElMajeed, E.; Abdalgaber, M.; Abdallah, M.; Abdallah, M.; Abdallah, N.; Abdelaleem, S.; Abdelghani, Y.; Abdelghany, W.; Abdelhalim, S. M.; Abdelhamid, W.; Abdelhamid, N.; Abdelkader, N. A.; Abdelkreem, E.; Abdelmohsen, A. M.; Abdelrahman, A. A.; Abd-elsalam, S. M.; Abdeltawab, D.; Abduh, A.; Abdulhakam, N.; Abdulla, M.; Abedpoor, N.; Abenavoli, L.; Aberg, F.; Ablack, O.; Abo elftouh, M.; Abo-Amer, Y. E. -E.; Aboubkr, A.; Aboud, A.; Abouelnaga, A. M.; Aboufarrag, G. A.; Aboutaleb, A.; Abundis, L.; Adali, G.; Adames, E.; Adams, L.; Adda, D.; Adel, N.; Adel, N.; Adel Sayed, M.; Afaa, T. J.; Afredj, N.; Aghayeva, G.; Aghemo, A.; Aguilar-Salinas, C. A.; Ahlenstiel, G.; Ahmady, W.; Ahmed, W.; Ahmed, A.; Ahmed, S. N.; Ahmed, H. M.; Ahmed, R.; Aigner, E.; Akarsu, M.; Akroush, M.; Akyuz, U.; Al Mahtab, M.; Al Qadiri, T.; Al Rawahi, Y.; AL rubaee, R.; Al Saffar, M.; Alam, S.; Al-Ani, Z.; Albillos, A.; Alboraie, M.; Al-Busafi, S.; Al-Emam, M.; Alharthi, J.; Ali, K.; Ali, B. A.; Ali, M.; Ali, R. A. R.; Alisi, A.; AL-Khafaji, A. R.; Alkhatry, M.; Aller, R.; Almansoury, Y.; Al-Naamani, K.; Alnakeeb, A.; Alonso, A.; Alqahtani, S. A.; Alrabadi, L.; Alswat, K.; Altaher, M.; Altamimi, T.; Altamirano, J.; Alvares-da-Silva, M. R.; Aly, E. A. M.; Alzahaby, A.; Alzamzamy, A.; Amano, K.; Amer, M. A.; Amin, M. A.; Amin, S. A.; Amir, A. A.; Ampuero, J.; Anas, N.; Andreone, P.; Andriamandimby, S. F.; Anees, M.; Angela, P.; Antonios, M.; Arafat, W.; Araya, J. M.; Armendariz-Borunda, J.; Armstrong, M. J.; Ashktorab, H.; Aspichueta, P.; Assal, F.; Atef, M.; Attia, D.; Atwa, H.; Awad, R.; Awad, M. A. E.; Awny, S.; Awolowo, O.; Awuku, Y. A.; Ayada, I.; Aye, T. T.; Ayman, S.; Ayman, H.; Ayoub, H.; Azmy, H. M.; Babaran, R. P.; Badreldin, O.; Badry, A.; Bahcecioglu, I. H.; Bahour, A.; Bai, J.; Balaban, Y.; Balasubramanyam, M.; Bamakhrama, K.; Banales, J. M.; Bangaru, B.; Bao, J.; Barahona, J. S.; Barakat, S.; Barbalho, S. M.; Barbra, B.; Barranco, B.; Barrera, F.; Baumann, U.; Bazeed, S.; Bech, E.; Benayad, A.; Benesic, A.; Bernstein, D.; Bessone, F.; Birney, S.; Bisseye, C.; Blake, M.; Bobat, B.; Bonfrate, L.; Bordin, D. S.; Bosques-Padilla, F.; Boursier, J.; Boushab, B. M.; Bowen, D.; Bravo, P. M.; Brennan, P. N.; Bright, B.; Broekaert, I.; Buque, X.; Burgos-Santamaria, D.; Burman, J.; Busetto, L.; Byrne, C. D.; Cabral-Prodigalidad, P. A. I.; Cabrera-Alvarez, G.; Cai, W.; Cainelli, F.; Caliskan, A. R.; Canbay, A.; Cano-Contreras, A.; Cao, H. -X.; Cao, Z.; Carrion, A.; Carubbi, F.; Casanovas, T.; Castellanos Fernandez, M. I.; Chai, J.; Chan, S. P.; Charatcharoenwitthaya, P.; Chavez-Tapia, N.; Chayama, K.; Chen, J.; Chen, L.; Chen, Z. -W.; Chen, H.; Chen, S. -D.; Chen, Q.; Chen, Y.; Chen, G.; Chen, E. -Q.; Chen, F.; Chen, P. -J.; Cheng, R.; Cheng, W.; Chieh, J. T. W.; Chokr, I.; Cholongitas, E.; Choudhury, A.; Chowdhury, A.; Chukwudike, E. S.; Ciardullo, S.; Clayton, M.; Clement, K.; Cloa, M. M.; Coccia, C.; Collazos, C.; Colombo, M.; Cosar, A. M.; Cotrim, H. P.; Couillerot, J.; Coulibaly, A.; Crespo, G.; Crespo, J.; Cruells, M.; Cua, I. H. Y.; Dabbous, H. K.; Dalekos, G. N.; D'Alia, P.; Dan, L.; Dao, V. H.; Darwish, M.; Datz, C.; Davalos-Moscol, M. B.; Dawoud, H.; de Careaga, B. O.; de Knegt, R.; de Ledinghen, V.; de Silva, J.; Debzi, N.; Decraecker, M.; Del Pozo, E.; Delgado, T. C.; Delgado-Blanco, M.; Dembinski, L.; Depina, A.; Derbala, M.; Desalegn, H.; Desbois-Mouthon, C.; Desoky, M.; Dev, A.; Di Ciaula, A.; Diago, M.; Diallo, I.; Diaz, L. A.; Dirchwolf, M.; Dongiovanni, P.; Dorofeyev, A.; Dou, X.; Douglas, M. W.; Doulberis, M.; Dovia, C. K.; Doyle, A.; Dragojevic, I.; Drenth, J. P.; Duan, X.; Dulskas, A.; Dumitrascu, D. L.; Duncan, O.; Dusabejambo, V.; Dwawhi, R. S. N. A.; Eiketsu, S.; El Amrousy, D.; El Deeb, A.; El Deriny, G.; El Din, H. S.; El Kamshishy, S.; El Kassas, M.; El Raziky, M.; Elagamy, O. A.; Elakel, W.; Elalfy, D.; Elaraby, H.; Elawady, H.; Elbadawy, R.; Eldash, H. H.; Eldefrawy, M. S.; Elecharri, C. L.; Elfaramawy, A.; Elfatih, M.; Elfiky, M.; Elgamsy, M.; Elgendy, M.; El-Guindi, M. A.; Elhussieny, N.; Eliwa, A. M.; Elkabbany, Z.; El-Khayat, H.; El-Koofy, N. M.; Elmetwalli, A.; Elrabat, A.; El-Raey, F.; Elrashdy, F.; Elsahhar, M.; Elsaid, E. M.; Elsayed, S.; Elsayed, H.; Elsayed, A.; Elsayed, A. M.; Elsayed, H.; El-Serafy, M.; Elsharkawy, A. M.; Elsheemy, R. Y.; Elshemy, E. E.; Elsherbini, S.; Eltoukhy, N.; Elwakil, R.; Emad, O.; Emad, S.; Embabi, M.; Ergenc, I.; Ermolova, T.; Esmat, G.; Esmat, D. M.; Estupinan, E. C.; Ettair, S.; Eugen, T.; Ezz-Eldin, M.; Falcon, L. P. V.; Fan, Y. -C.; Fandari, S.; Farag, M.; Farahat, T. M.; Fares, E. M.; Fares, M.; Fassio, E.; Fathy, H.; Fathy, D.; Fathy, W.; Fayed, S.; Feng, D.; Feng, G.; Fernandez-Bermejo, M.; Ferreira, C. T.; Ferrer, J. D.; Forbes, A.; Fouad, R.; Fouad, H. M.; Frisch, T.; Fujii, H.; Fukunaga, S.; Fukunishi, S.; Fulya, H.; Furuhashi, M.; Gaber, Y.; Galang, A. J. G.; Gallardo, J. C.; Galloso, R.; Gamal, M.; Gamal, R.; Gamal, H.; Gan, J.; Ganbold, A.; Gao, X.; Garas, G.; Garba, T.; Garcia-Cortes, M.; Garcia-Monzon, C.; Garcia-Samaniego, J.; Gastaldelli, A.; Gatica, M.; Gatley, E.; Gegeshidze, T.; Geng, B.; Ghazinyan, H.; Ghoneem, S.; Giacomelli, L.; Giannelli, G.; Giannini, E. G.; Giefer, M.; Gines, P.; Girala, M.; Giraudi, P. J.; Goh, G. B. -B.; Gomaa, A. A.; Gong, B.; Gonzales, D. H. C.; Gonzalez, H. C.; Gonzalez-Huezo, M. S.; Graupera, I.; Grgurevic, I.; Gronbaek, H.; Gu, X.; Guan, L.; Gueye, I.; Guingane, A. N.; Gul, O. O.; Gul, C. B.; Guo, Q.; Gupta, P. P.; Gurakar, A.; Gutierrez, J. C. R.; Habib, G.; Hafez, A.; Hagman, E.; Halawa, E.; Hamdy, O.; Hamed, A. E.; Hamed, D. H.; Hamid, S.; Hamoudi, W.; Han, Y.; Haridy, J.; Haridy, H.; Harris, D. C. H. H.; Hart, M.; Hasan, F.; Hashim, A.; Hassan, I.; Hassan, A.; Hassan, E. A.; Hassan, A. A.; Hassan, M. S.; Hassanin, F.; Hassnine, A.; Haukeland, J. W.; Hawal, A. I. M.; He, J.; He, Q.; He, Y.; He, F. -P.; Hegazy, M.; Hegazy, A.; Henegil, O.; Hernandez, N.; Hernandez-Guerra, M.; Higuera-de-la-Tijera, F.; Hindy, I.; Hirota, K.; Ho, L. C.; Hodge, A.; Hosny, M.; Hou, X.; Huang, J. -F.; Huang, Y.; Huang, Z.; Huang, Y.; Huang, A.; Huang, X. -P.; Hui-ping, S.; Hunyady, B.; Hussein, M. A.; Hussein, O.; Hussien, S. M.; Ibanez-Samaniego, L.; Ibdah, J.; Ibrahim, L.; Ibrahim, M.; Ibrahim, I.; Icaza-Chavez, M. E.; Idelbi, S.; Idilman, R. I.; Ikeda, M.; Indolfi, G.; Invernizzi, F.; Irshad, I.; Isa, H. M. A.; Iskandar, N. J.; Ismaiel, A.; Ismail, M.; Ismail, Z.; Ismail, F.; Iwamoto, H.; Jack, K.; Jacob, R.; Jafarov, F.; Jafri, W.; Jahshan, H.; Jalal, P. K.; Jancoriene, L.; Janicko, M.; Jayasena, H.; Jefferies, M.; Jha, V.; Ji, F.; Ji, Y.; Jia, J.; Jiang, C.; Jiang, N.; Jiang, Z. -Z.; Jin, X.; Jin, Y.; Jing, X.; Jingyu, Q.; Jinjolava, M.; Jong, F. H. H.; Jucov, A.; Julius, I.; Kaddah, M.; Kamada, Y.; Kamal, A.; Kamal, E. M.; Kamel, A. S.; Kao, J. -H.; Karin, M.; Karlas, T.; Kashwaa, M.; Katsidzira, L.; Kaya, E.; Kayasseh, M. A.; Keenan, B.; Keklikkiran, C.; Keml, W.; Khalaf, D. K.; Khalefa, R.; Khamis, S.; Khater, D.; Khattab, H.; Khavkin, A.; Khlynova, O.; Khmis, N.; Kobyliak, N.; Koffas, A.; Koike, K.; Kok, K. Y. Y.; Koller, T.; Komas, N. P.; Korochanskaya, N. V.; Koulla, Y.; Koya, S.; Kraft, C.; Kraja, B.; Krawczyk, M.; Kuchay, M. S.; Kulkarni, A. V.; Kumar, A.; Kumar, M.; Lakoh, S.; Lam, P.; Lan, L.; Lange, N. F.; Lankarani, K. B.; Lanthier, N.; Lapshyna, K.; Lashen, S. A.; Laure, K. N. J.; Lazebnik, L.; Lebrec, D.; Lee, S. S.; Lee, W. S.; Lee, Y. Y.; Leeming, D. J.; Leite, N. C.; Leon, R.; Lesmana, C. R. A.; Li, J.; Li, Q.; Li, J.; Li, Y. -Y.; Li, Y.; Li, L.; Li, M.; Li, Y.; Liang, H.; Lijuan, T.; Lim, S. G.; Lim, L. -L.; Lin, S.; Lin, H. -C.; Lin, R.; Lithy, R.; Liu, Y.; Liu, Y.; Liu, X.; Liu, W. -Y.; Liu, S.; Liu, K.; Liu, T.; Lonardo, A.; Lopez, M. B.; Lopez-Benages, E.; Lopez-Jaramillo, P.; Lu, H.; Lu, L. G.; Lu, Y.; Lubel, J.; Lui, R.; Lupasco, I.; Luzina, E.; Lv, X. -H.; Lynch, K.; Ma, H. -L.; Machado, M. V.; Maduka, N.; Madzharova, K.; Magdaong, R.; Mahadeva, S.; Mahfouz, A.; Mahmood, N. R. K. N.; Mahmoud, E.; Mahrous, M.; Maiwall, R.; Majeed, A.; Majumdar, A.; Mak, L.; Maklouf, M. M.; Malekzadeh, R.; Mandato, C.; Mangia, A.; Mann, J.; Mansour, H. H.; Mansouri, A.; Mantovani, A.; Mao, J. Q.; Maramag, F.; Marchesini, G.; Marcus, C.; Marinho, R. A. R. T.; Martinez-Chantar, M. L.; Martins, A. A. S.; Marwan, R.; Mason, K. F.; Masoud, G.; Massoud, M. N.; Matamoros, M. A.; Mateos, R. M.; Mawed, A.; Mbanya, J. C.; Mbendi, C.; Mccolaugh, L.; Mcleod, D.; Medina, J. F. R.; Megahed, A.; Mehrez, M.; Memon, I.; Merat, S.; Mercado, R.; Mesbah,