Anadenanthera colubrina vell brenan : anti-candida and antibiofilm activities, toxicity and therapeutical action

We evaluated the antifungal and antibiofilm potential of the hydroalcoholic extract of bark from Anadenanthera colubrina (vell.) Brenan, known as Angico, against Candida spp. Antifungal activity was evaluated using the microdilution technique through the Minimum Inhibitory and Fungicide Concentrations (MIC and MFC). The antibiofilm potential was tested in mature biofilms formed by Candida species and analyzed through the counting of CFU/mL and scanning electron micrograph (SEM). In vivo toxicity and therapeutic action was evaluated in the Galleria mellonella model. The treatment with the extract, in low doses, was able to reduce the growth of planktonic cells of Candida species. MIC values range between 19.5 and 39 µg/mL and MFC values range between 79 and 625 µg/mL. In addition was able to reduce the number of CFU/mL in biofilms and to cause structural alteration and cellular destruction, observed via SEM. A. colubrina showed low toxicity in the in vivo assay, having not affected the viability of the larvae at doses below 100mg/kg and high potential in the treatment of C. albicans infection. Considering its high antifungal potential, its low toxicity and potential to treatment of infections in in vivo model, A. colubrina extract is a strong candidate for development of a new agent for the treatment of oral candidiasis33CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQ552562/2011-

Action Of Essential Oils From Brazilian Native And Exotic Medicinal Species On Oral Biofilms

Background: Essential oils (EO) obtained from twenty medicinal and aromatic plants were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against the oral pathogens Candida albicans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus mitis. Methods: The antimicrobial activity of the EO was evaluates by microdilution method determining Minimal Inhibitory Concentration. Chemical analysis of the oils compounds was performed by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (CG-MS). The most active EO were also investigated as to their actions on the biolfilm formation. Results: The most of the essential oils (EO) presented moderate to strong antimicrobial activity against the oral pathogens (MIC - Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations values between 0.007 and 1.00mg/mL). The essential oil from Coriandrum sativum inhibited all oral species with MIC values from 0.007 to 0.250mg/mL, and MBC/MFC (Minimal Bactericidal/Fungicidal Concentrations) from 0.015 to 0.500mg/mL. On the other hand the essential oil of C. articulatus inhibited 63.96% of S. sanguis biofilm formation. Through Scanning Eletronic Microscopy (SEM) images no changes were observed in cell morphology, despite a decrease in biofilm formation and changes on biofilm structure. Chemical analysis by Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) of the C. sativum essential oil revealed major compounds derivatives from alcohols and aldehydes, while Cyperus articulatus and Aloysia gratissima (EOs) presented mono and sesquiterpenes. Conclusions: In conclusion, the crude oil from C. articulatus exhibited the best results of antimicrobial activity e ability to control biofilm formation. The chemical analysis showed the presence of terpenes and monoterpenes such as a-pinene, a-bulnesene and copaene. The reduction of biofilms formation was confirmed from SEM images. The results of this research shows a great potential from the plants studied as new antimicrobial sources.141Kolenbrander, P.E., Oral microbial communities: biofilms, interactions, and genetic systems (2000) Annu Rev Microbiol, 54, pp. 413-437Spratt, P.A., Pratten, J., Biofilms and the oral cavity (2003) Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol, 2, pp. 463-467Kolembrander, P.E., Multispecies communities: interspecies interactions influence growth on saliva as sole nutritional source (2011) Int J Oral Sci, 3, pp. 49-54Marsh, P.D., Dental plaque: biological significance of a biofilm and community life-style (2005) J Clin Periodontol, 32, pp. 7-15Bernimoulin, J.P., Recent concepts in plaque formation (2003) J Clin Periodontol, 30, pp. 7-9Marsh, P.D., Are dental diseases examples of ecological catastrophes? (2003) Microbiology, 149, pp. 279-294Filoche, S.K., Soma, K., Sissons, C.H., Antimicrobial effects of essencial oils in combination with chlorexidine digluconate (2005) Oral Microbiol Immunol, 20, pp. 221-225Rosenthal, S., Spangberg, L., Safavi, K., Conn, F., Chlorhexidine substantivity in root canal dentin (2004) Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 98, pp. 488-492Zheng, C.Y., Wang, Z.H., Effects of chlorhexidine, listerine and fluoride listerine mouthrinses on four putative root-caries pathogens in the biofilm (2011) Chin J Dent Res, 14, pp. 135-140Lang, G., Buchbauer, G., A review on recent research results (2008-2010) on essential oils as antimicrobials and antifungals (2012) Rev Flavour Fragr J, 27, pp. 13-39Calsamiglia, S., Busquet, M., Cardozo, P.W., Castillejos, L., Ferret, A., Invited review: essential oils as modifiers of rúmen microbial fermentation (2007) J Dairy Sci, 6, pp. 2580-2595Khan, A., Ahmad, A., Akhtar, F., Yousuf, S., Xess, I., Khan, L.A., Manzoor, N., Induction of oxidative stress as a possible mechanism of the antifungal action of three phenylpropanoids (2011) FEMS Yeast Res, 11, pp. 114-122Cha, J.D., Jeong, M.R., Jeong, S.I.I., Moon, S.E., Kil, B.S., Yun, S.I.I., Lee, K.Y., Song, Y.H., Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Cryptomeria japonica (2007) Phytother Res, 21, pp. 295-299Maggi, F., Cacchini, C., Cresci, A., Coman, M.M., Tirillini, B., Sagratini, G., Papa, F., Vittori, S., Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Hypericum hircinum L. Subsp. majus essential oil (2010) Chem Nat Compd, 1, pp. 125-129Nascimento, P.F.C., Alviano, W.S., Nascimento, A.L.C., Santos, P.O., Arrigoni-Blank, M.F., Jesus, R.A., Azevedo, V.G., Trindade, R.C., Hyptis pectinata essential oil: chemical composition and anti-Streptococcus mutans activity (2008) Oral Dis, 14, pp. 485-489Gorelov, V.E., Aksel'rod, L.S., Migalisnkaya, L.N., An investigation of the hydraulics and effectiveness of fractionation columns with sieve packing (1971) Chem Petrol Eng, 7, pp. 211-214Duarte, M.C.T., Figueira, G.M., Sartoratto, A., Rehder, V.L., Delarmelina, C., Anti-Candida activity of Brazilian medicinal plants (2005) J Ethnopharmacol, 97, pp. 305-311Adams, R.P., (2007) Identification of Essential Oils Components by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, 4. , USA: Allured publishing Edited by Carol Stream Ill(2002) Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for yeast, , Approved Standard CLSI document M27-A2. Volume 22 2nd edition. Edited by: FortWayne Ind USA(2005) Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria that Grow Aerobically, , In Approved Standard CLSI document M07-A6. Volume 26 6th edition. Edited by: FortWayne Ind USAHafidh, R.R., Abdulamir, A.S., Vern, L.S., Bakar, F.A., Abas, F., Jahanshiri, F., Sekawi, Z., Inhibition of growth of highly resistant bacterial and fungal pathogens by a natural product (2011) Open Microbiol J, 5, pp. 96-106Niu, C., Gilbert, E.S., Colorimetric method for identifying plant essential Oil components that affect biofilm formation and structure (2004) Appl Environ Microbiol, 70, pp. 6951-6956Djordjevic, D., Wiedmann, M., McLandsborough, L.A., Microtiter plate assay for assessment of Listeria monocytogenes biofilm formation (2002) Appl Environ Microbiol, 68, pp. 2950-2958Hawser, S.P., Douglas, L.J., Biofilm formation by Candida species on the surface of catheter materials in vitro (1994) Infect Immun, 62, pp. 915-921Furletti, V.F., Teixeira, I.P., Obando-Pereda, G., Mardegan, R.C., Sartoratto, A., Figueira, G.M., Duarte, R.M.T., Höfling, J.F., Action of Coriandrum sativum L. essential oil upon oral Candida albicans biofilm formation (2011) Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, pp. 1-9. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/985832Oladusu, I.A., Usman, L.A., Olawore, N.O., Atata, R.F., Antibacterial activity of rhizomes essential oils of types of Cyperus articulatus Growing in Nigeria (2011) Ad Bio Res, 5, pp. 179-183Botelho, M.A., Nogueira, N.A.P., Bastos, G.M., Fonseca, S.G.C., Lemos, T.L.G., Matos, F.J.A., Montenegro, D., Brito, G.A.C., Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from Lippia sidoides, carvacrol and thymol against oral pathogens (2007) Braz J Med Biol Res, 40, pp. 349-356Donlan, R.M., Costerton, J.W., Biofilms: survival mechanisms of clinically relevant microorganisms (2002) Clin Microbiol Rev, 15, pp. 167-193Hope, C.K., Wilson, M., Analysis of the effects of chlorhexidine on oral-biofilm vitality and structure based on viability profiling and an indicator of membrane integrity (2004) Antimicrob Agents Ch, 48, pp. 1461-1468Chandra, J., Antifungal resistance of Candida biofilms formed on denture acrylic in vitro (2003) J Dent Res, 80, pp. 903-908Hendry, E.R., Worthington, T., Conway, B.R., Lambert, P.A., Antimicrobial efficacy of eucalyptus oil and 1,8-cineole against microorganisms grow in planktonic and biofilm cultures (2009) J Antimicrob Chemother, 64, pp. 1219-1225Carson, C.F., Me, B.J., Riley, T.V., Mechanism of action of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil on Staphylococcus aureus determined by time-kill, lysis, leakage, and salt tolerance assays and electron microscopy (2002) Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 46, pp. 1914-1920Martins, A., Salgueiro, L.R., Gonçalves, M.J., Proença, S.C., Vila, A., Canigueral, R., Essential oil composition and antimicrobial activity of Santiria trimera bark (2003) Planta Med, 69, pp. 77-79Galvão, L.C.C., Furletti, V.F., Bersan, S.M.F., Cunha, M.G., Ruiz, A.L.T.G., Carvalho, J.E., Sartoratto, A., Rosalen, P.L., Antimicrobial activity of essential oils against streptococcus mutans and their antiproliferative effects (2012) J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med, 40, pp. 1-12Douglas, L.J., Candida biofilms and their role in infection (2004) Trends Microbiol, 11, pp. 30-36Begnami, A.F., Duarte, M.C.T., Furletti, V., Rehder, V.L.G., Antimicrobial potential of Coriandrum sativum L. against different Candida species in vitro (2010) Food Chem, 118, pp. 74-77Dorman, H., Deans, S., Antimicrobial agents from plants: antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils (2000) J Appl Microbiol, 88, pp. 308-316Mercier, B., Prost, J., Prost, M., The essential oil of turpentine and its major volatile fraction (alpha-and beta-pinenes): a review (2009) Int J Occup Med Environ Health, 22, pp. 331-342Delaquis, P.J., Stanich, K., Girard, B., Mazza, G., Antimicrobial activity of individual and mixed fractions of dill, cilantro, coriander and eucalyptus essential oils (2001) Int J Food Microbiol, 74, pp. 101-109Kim, K., Kim, Y., Yu, H., Jeong, S., Cha, J., Kil, B., You, Y., Antibacterial activity and chemical composition of essential oil of Chrysanthemun boreal (2003) Planta Med, 69, pp. 274-277Silva, F., Ferreira, S., Queiroz, J.A., Domingues, F.C., Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) essential oils: its antibacterial activity and mode of action evaluated by flow cytometry (2011) J Med Microbiol, 60, pp. 1479-1486Khan, A., Ahmad, A., Akhtar, F., Yousuf, S., Xess, I., Khan, L.A., Manzoor, N., Ocimum sanctum essential oil and its active principles exert their antifungal activity by disrupting ergosterol biosynthesis and membrane integrity (2010) Res Microbiol, 161, pp. 816-823Pavithra, P.S., Sreevidya, N., Verma, R.S., Antibacterial activity and chemical composition of essential oil of Pamburus missionis (2009) J Ethnopharmacol, 124, pp. 151-153Magwa, M.L., Gundidza, M., Gwerua, N., Humphrey, G., Chemical composition and biological activities essential oil from the leaves of Sesuvium portulacastrum (2006) J Ethnopharmacol, 103, pp. 85-8

Cariogenicity And Cariostatic Properties Of Cow, Human And Infant Formula Milk-review [cariogenicidade E Propriedades Cariostáticas Por Diferentes Tipos De Leite-revisão]

The purpose of this study is to introduce some information about local and systemic effects of different kinds of milk in oral health, through the explicitness of its cariogenicity and cariostatic properties. Different kinds of milk and milk products are consumed most commonly by the worldwide population, raising the interest of researchers in its influence in the oral health for some decades. Several studies have been conducted to associate the consumption of bovine-, human- and infant formula-milk with caries development and other dental defect, but controversial results have not been able to define the cariogenic and cariostatic potential of different kinds of milk. Bovine milk has some cariostatic components as casein, lipids and antibacterial enzyme, though it has 4% lactose, supposedly cariogenic sugar. Human milk has been related to a sort of caries which is like bottle caries, even though some studies have demonstrated its non cariogenicity. The infant formula milk, which is elaborated for specific period in the childhood, has received low control on its potential for developing caries. It could be of great value to elucidate the controversy surrounding the cariogenicity and cariostatic properties of different kinds of milk, concerning caries prevention during infant and adult life.502113120Bowen, W.H., Pearson, S.K., Effect of milk on cariogenesis (1993) Caries Res., 27, pp. 461-466White, C.H., Milk, milk products, and dental health J Dairy Sci, (2), pp. 392-396. , 71987Kosikowski, F., (1970) Cheese and Fermented Milk Foods, p. 330. , Ann Arbor, Edwards BrothersReynolds, E.C., The prevention of sub-surface demineralization of bovine enamel and change in plaque composition by casein in an intra-oral model (1987) J Dent Res, 66 (6), pp. 1120-1127Westover, K.M., Diiloreto, M.K., Shearer, T.R., The relationship of breastfeeding to oral development and dental concerns (1989) ASDC J Dent Child, 56 (2), pp. 140-143Bowen, W.H., Pearson, S.K., Van Wuyckhuyse, B.C., Tabak, L.A., Influence of milk, lactose - Reduced milk, and lactose on caries in desalivated rats (1991) Caries Res, 25 (4), pp. 283-286Lönnerdal, B., Effects of maternal dietary intake on human milk composition (1986) J Nutr, 116, pp. 499-513Kotlow, L.A., Breast feeding: A cause of dental caries in children (1977) J Dent Child, 44, pp. 192-193Roberts, G.J., Is the breast feeding a possible cause of dental caries? (1982) J Dent, 10, pp. 346-352Alaluusua, S., Lukinmaa, P.L., Koskimies, M., Pirinen, S., Höltta, P., Kallio, M., Holttinen, T., Salmenperä, L., Developmental dental defects associated with long breast feeding (1996) Eur. J. Oral Sci., 104, pp. 493-497Alaluusua, S., Lukinmaa, P.L., Vartiainen, T., Partanen, M., Torppa, J., Tuomisto, J., Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans via mother's milk may cause developmental defects in the child's teeth (1996) Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 1, pp. 193-197Bowen, W.H., Pearson, S.K., Rosalen, P.L., Miguel, J.C., Shih, A.Y., Cariogenic potential of some infant formulas, milk and sugar solutions (1997) J.A.D.A., 128 (7), pp. 865-871Michal, B.C., Bottle mouth caries (1969) J. Louisiana Dent. Assoc., 27, pp. 10-13. , Apud Gardner DE, Norwood JR, Eeisenson JE . Op. cit. Ref. 20Vianna, R., (1971) Cariogenic Potential of Milk, , Thesis. Indiana University school of Dentisiy. Apud Gardner DE, Norwood JR, Eeisenson JE. Op. cit. Ref. 20Rusoff, L.L., Konikoff, B.S., Fluoridation of milk and dairy products INT. Congr. Nutr, 10, p. 1975. , Kyoto, Jpn. Apud White C.H. Op. cit. Ref. 56Arnold, R.R., Brewen, M., Gauthier, J.J., Bactericidal activity of human lactoferrin: Sensitivity of a variety of microorganism (1980) Infect. Immun., 28, pp. 893-898Bowen, W.H., Tabak, L.A., (1995) Cariologia para a Década de 90, pp. 118-122. , São Paulo, Livraria e Editora SantosVacca-Smith, A.M., Bowen, W.H., The effect of milk and kappa casein on streptococcal glucosyltransferase (1995) Caries Res., 29 (6), pp. 498-506Nesser, J.R., Golliard, M., Woltz, A., Rouvet, M., Dillmann, M.L., Guggenheim, B., In vitro modulation of oral bacterial adhesion to saliva- coated hydroxyapatite beads by milk casein derivatives (1994) Oral Microbiol. Immunol., 9 (4), pp. 193-201Gardner, D.E., Norwood, J.R., Eisenson, J.E., At-will breast feeding and dental caries: Four case reports ASDC (1977) J. Dent. Child, pp. 186-191. , may-juneShaw, J.H., Ensfield, B.J., Wollman, D.H., Studies on the relation of dairy products to dental caries in caries-susceptible rats (1959) J Nutr, 67, pp. 253-273Stephan, R.M., Effects of different types of human foods on dental health in experimental animal (1966) J Dent Res, 45, pp. 1551-1561Reynolds, E.C., Johnson, I.A., Effect of milk on caries incidence and bacterial composition of dental plaque in the rat (1981) Source Arch Bio, 26 (5), pp. 445-451Carbonel, V.V., Basile, K.A., Vicentini, M.R., Del Bel Cury, A.A., Maltz, M., Araujo, F.B., Cury, J.A., An in situ of cariogenesis of bovine milk (1995) J. Dental Research, 74 (3), p. 811Konikoff, B.S., (1960) Milk as a Vehicle for Sodium Fluoride, for the Prevention of Dental Caries in Children, , M.S. Lousisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, (Thesis) Apud WHITE C.H. Op. Cit. Ref. 56Herod, E.L., The effect of cheese on dental carie: A review of the literature (1991) Aust Dent J, 36 (2), pp. 120-125Shaw, J.H., Studies on the influence of dairy products on development and maintenance of teeth (1959) Nutrition News, 2. , Am. Dairy Assoc. Apud White C.H. Op. cit. Ref. 56Reynolds, E.C., Storey, E., A review of the effect of milk on dental caries (1975) Aust J. Dairy Tech., 9, p. 1979Hollis, B.W., Lambert, P.W., Horst, R.L., Factors affecting the antirachitic sterol content of native milk (1983) Perinatal Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism, pp. 157-182. , Holick MF, Gray TK & Anast CS., eds. New York, Elsevier Science publishing Co. Apud Bo Lönnerdal Op. cit. Ref. 9Ala-Houhala, M., 25- Hydroxyvitamin D levels during breastfeeding with or without maternal or infantile supplementation of vitamin D (1985) J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr, 4, pp. 220-226Spak, C.J., Hardell, L.I., De Chateau, P., Fluoride in human milk (1983) Acta Paediatr Scand, 72 (5), pp. 699-701Opinya, G.N., Bwibo, N., Valderhaug, J., Birkeland, J.M., Lokken, P., Intake of fluoride and excretion in mothers' milk in a high fluor (ppm) area in Konya (1991) Eur J Clin Nutr, 45 (1), pp. 37-41Hodge, H.C., Metabolism of fluorides (1961) J. Am. Med. Assoc., pp. 177-313. , Apud WHITE, C.H. Op cit. Ref. 56Furst, P., Furst, C., Ilmers, K., PCDDs and PCDFs in human milk statistical evaluation of a 6-years survey (1992) Chemosphere, 25, pp. 1029-1038Shelton, P.G., Benkowitz, R.J., Forreester, D.J., Nursing bottle caries (1977) Pediatrics, 59 (5), pp. 777-778Johnsen, D.C., Dental caries patterns in preschool children (1984) Dental Clinics N A, 28, p. 1Kurossaw, A., Studies on the consuming conditions of various carbohydrates influencing the pH in plaque (1960) Shikwa Gaku, 60, pp. 68-79. , Apud Gardner DE, Norwood JR, Eisenson JE. Op. Cit. Ref. 20Lehninger, A.L., (1976) Bioquímica -Componentes Moleculares das Células, 1. , São Paulo: e. BlücherNewbrun, E., Sucrose in the dynamics of the carious process (1982) Int Dent J, 32, pp. 13-23Matee, M.I.N., Mikx, F.H.M., Maselle, S.Y.M., Van Palenstein Helderman, V.H., Mutans streptococci and Lactobacilli in breastfed children with rampant caries (1992) Caries Res, 26 (3), pp. 183-187Tsubouchi, J., Higashi, T., Shimono, T., Domoto, P.K., Weinstein, P., Baby bottle tooth decay: A study of baby bottle tooth decay and risk factors for 18-month old infants in rural Japan (1994) ASDC J. Dent. Child, 61 (4), pp. 293-298Hallonssten, A.L., Wendt, L.K., Mejare, I., Birkhed, D., Hakansson, C., Edwardsson, S., Koch, G., Dental caries and prolonged breastfeeding in 18-month-old Sweden children (1995) Int J Paediatr Dent, 5 (3), pp. 149-155Alaluusua, S., Myllärniemi, S., Kallio, M., Salmenperä, L., Tainio, V.M., Prevalence of caries and salivary levels of mutans streptococci in 5-year-old children in relation to duration of breast feeding (1990) Scand. J. Dent. Res, 98, pp. 193-196Eronat, N., Eden, E., A comparative study of some influencing factors of rampant or nursing caries in preschool children (1992) The Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry, 16 (4), pp. 275-279Araujo, D.R., Velasco, L.F., Del Bel Cury, A.A., Maltz, M., Araujo, F.B., Cury, J.A., An in situ evaluation of cariogenic potential of human breast milk (1995) J Dent Research, 74 (3), p. 811Marino, R.V., Bomze, K., Scholl, T.O., Anhalt, H., Nursing bottle caries: Characteristics of children at risk (1989) Clin Pediatr, 28 (3), pp. 129-131Berkowitz, R.G., Turner, J., Hughes, C., Microbial characteristics of human dental caries associated with prolonged bottle-feeding (1984) Arch Oral Biol., 29 (11), pp. 949-951Andlaw, R.J., Rock, W.P., (1987) A Manual of Paedodontics, p. 82. , Edinburgh, Churchill Livingstone. Apud Krovesi T, Levison H. Op cit. Ref. 29Moynihan, P.J., Gould, M.E., Huntley, N., Thorman, S., Effect of glucose polymers in water, milk and milk substitute on plaque pH in vitro (1996) Int J Paediatric Dent, 6 (1), pp. 19-2

Tif4 Varnish - A 19f-nmr Stability Study And Enamel Reactivity Evaluation

The aim of this study was to develop a titanium tetrafluoride (TiF 4) varnish and evaluate the stability of the formulation and its reactivity with dental enamel. The varnish was prepared in a resinous matrix using ethanol 96% as solvent. Samples (n=45) were aged at 65°C and 30% of relativity humidity (RE n°01/05 - ANVISA) and after 3, 6, 9 and 12 months, nine samples were removed for evaluation and compared with fresh samples. Chemical stability of TiF4 varnish was determinate by 19F-NMR and the reactivity of the formulation was quantified by formation of fluoride loosely (CaF2) and firmly bound (fluorapatite; FA) to enamel. For reactivity comparisons, a varnish without TiF4 was used as control. The loss of soluble fluoride was about 0.9% after one year of storage. The values of the reactivity (mean±S.D.) of fresh, aged at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months and control samples were: CaF2 (μgF/mm 2): 89.3±27.5a; 54.5±14.3b; 51.2±29.8b; 69.3±21.3a; 48.0±27. 4b; 0.10±0.07c, FA (μg F/g): 2477.5±1044.0a; 2484.8±992.0a; 2580.0±1383.9a; 2517.2±929.9a; 2121.0±1059.2a; 330.0±180.0b, respectively. Means followed by distinct letters were statistically different (p<0.05). After one year of storage, the formulation was chemically stable and the levels of FA were maintained. However there was an initial decrease in the ability to form CaF2. © 2008 Pharmaceutical Society of Japan.561139141Shrestha, B.M., Mundorff, S.A., Basil, G.B., (1972) J. Dent. Res, 51, pp. 1561-1566Vieira, A., Ruben, J.R., Huysmans, M.C., (2005) Caries Res, 39, pp. 371-379Laptash, N.M., Fedotov, M.A., Maslennikova, I.G., (2004) J. Struct. Chem, 45, pp. 74-82Buslaev, Y.A., Dyer, D.S., Ragsdale, R.O., (1967) Inorg. Chem, 6, pp. 2208-2212Curzon, M.E.J., Cutress, T.W., (1983) Trace Elements and Dental Disease, , ed. by Wright J, PSG Inc, BristolRagsdale, R.O., Stewart, B.B., (1963) Inorg. Chem, 2, pp. 1002-1004Wei, S.H.Y., Soboroff, D.M., Wefel, J.S., (1976) J. Dent. Res, 55, pp. 426-431Marion, S.P., Thomas, A.W., (1946) J. Colloid. Sci, 1, pp. 221-234ANVISA - Resolution RE no 1, July 29, 2005. Available in: http://elegis.anvisa.gov.br/leisref/public/showAct.php?id=18109&word=, Access in November, 2005Calavaska, V., Moreno, E.C., Brudevold, F., (1975) Arch. Oral. Biol, 20, pp. 333-339Marinho, V.C.C., Higgins, J.P.T., Logan, S., Sheiham, A., (2006) The Cochrane Library, (4). , Oxford: Update SoftwareMarinho, V.C.C., Higgins, J.P.T., Logan, S., Sheiham, A., (2006) The Cochrane Library, (4). , Oxford: Update SoftwareMarinho, V.C.C., Higgins, J.P.T., Logan, S., Sheiham, A., (2006) The Cochrane Library, (4). , Oxford: Update SoftwareMarinho, V.C.C., Higgins, J.P.T., Logan, S., Sheiham, A., (2006) The Cochrane Library, (4). , Oxford: Update SoftwareDyer, D.S., Ragsdale, R.O., (1969) Inorg. Chem, 8, pp. 1116-1120Ragsdale, R.O., Stewart, B.B., (1964) Proc. Chem. Soc, 1964, p. 194Ögaard, B., (2001) Caries Res, 35, pp. 40-44White, D.J., Nancollas, G.H., (1990) J. Dent. Res, 69, pp. 587-594Dyer, D.S., Ragsdale, R.O., (1967) Inorg. Chem, 6, pp. 8-11Serre, C., Corbiere, T., Lorentz, C., Taulelle, F., Férey, G., (2002) Chem. Mater, 14, pp. 4938-494

Effects Of The Epinephrine-felypressin Association To Bupivacaine Upon The Arterial Pressure, In Dogs [avaliacao Dos Efeitos Da Associacao De Adrenalina E Felipressina A Bupivacaina Sobre A Pressao Arterial De Caes]

[No abstract available]105171

Effects of caffeine on learning and memory in rats tested in the Morris water maze

We studied some of the characteristics of the improving effect of the non-specific adenosine receptor antagonist, caffeine, using an animal model of learning and memory. Groups of 12 adult male Wistar rats receiving caffeine (0.3-30 mg/kg, ip, in 0.1 ml/100 g body weight) administered 30 min before training, immediately after training, or 30 min before the test session were tested in the spatial version of the Morris water maze task. Post-training administration of caffeine improved memory retention at the doses of 0.3-10 mg/kg (the rats swam up to 600 cm less to find the platform in the test session, P<=0.05) but not at the dose of 30 mg/kg. Pre-test caffeine administration also caused a small increase in memory retrieval (the escape path of the rats was up to 500 cm shorter, P<=0.05). In contrast, pre-training caffeine administration did not alter the performance of the animals either in the training or in the test session. These data provide evidence that caffeine improves memory retention but not memory acquisition, explaining some discrepancies among reports in the literature