Intimate partner violence during pregnancy and time to return to sexual activity after childbirth: analysis of the BRISA prenatal cohort

Abstract: This study aimed to analyze whether there is an association between intimate partner violence during pregnancy and time to return to sexual activity after childbirth in the BRISA cohort in São Luís, Maranhão State, Brazil, between 2010 and 2013. This is a longitudinal study conducted with 665 women. Intimate partner violence during pregnancy was measured using an instrument created and validated by the World Health Organization to measure violence against women. Time to return to sexual activity after childbirth was investigated using a structured questionnaire. Logistic regression models were used to analyze whether there is an association between intimate partner violence during pregnancy and time to return to sexual activity after childbirth. The prevalence of violence by an intimate partner during pregnancy was 24.06%. The prevalence of women who returned to sexual activity within 3 months after childbirth was 67.96%. When analyzing the association between exposure and outcome, no association was found in the crude model (OR = 0.88; 95%CI: 0.60-1.30), nor in the adjusted model (OR = 1.00; 95%CI: 0.61-1.63). The study results highlight the importance of providing comprehensive care to women, considering both physical and psychological aspects, since violence has a significant impact on several aspects of women’s lives

Análise da estrutura fatorial do Audit em adolescentes entre 18 e 19 anos

OBJETIVO: Determinar a estrutura fatorial do instrumento Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (Audit) em uma amostra representativa de adolescentes de 18 a 19 anos. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado com adolescentes nascidos em São Luís (MA). A consistência interna do instrumento foi determinada pelo coeficiente alfa de Cronbach e a validade do construto foi avaliada por meio da Análise Fatorial Confirmatória (AFC). O índice de Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) foi calculado para analisar a adequação da amostra. A qualidade de ajuste do modelo fatorial foi analisada de acordo com os índices dos testes qui-quadrado de ajustamento, comparative fit index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) e root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA). RESULTADOS: A amostra do estudo foi composta por 1.002 adolescentes entre 18 e 19 anos, sendo 56,8% meninas, 68,5% com 18 anos, 63,3% pardos ou mulatos, 48,6% pertencentes à classe C, 15,4% não trabalhavam e não estudavam e 52,1% tinham pais separados. A amostra foi adequada para a análise fatorial confirmatória (KMO = 0,79) e o coeficiente do alfa de Cronbach foi de 0,70, demostrando consistência interna satisfatória com cargas fatoriais acima de 0,5, com exceção do item 9 “Ficou ferido ou ficou alguém ferido por ter bebido”. A análise fatorial confirmatória revelou a validade do modelo de três fatores para a amostra em estudo com base nos índices de ajustes psicométricos. CONCLUSÃO: A estrutura fatorial do Audit com três fatores foi confirmada para a população de adolescentes entre 18 e 19 anos residentes em São Luís, ratificando os domínios conceituais originais propostos pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. O Audit apresentou-se como um instrumento confiável para a identificação do consumo de álcool.OBJECTIVE: To determine the factor structure of the instrument Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) in a representative sample of adolescents aged 18 to 19 years. METHODS: Cross-sectional study performed with adolescents born in São Luís (MA). The internal consistency of the instrument was determined by the Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and the validity of the construct was assessed by Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) was estimated to analyze the adequacy of the sample. The fit quality of the factor model was analyzed according to the indexes of the Chi-square adjustment test, comparative fit index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA). RESULTS: The sample of the study was composed of 1,002 adolescents aged from 18 to 19 years, being 56.8% girls, 68.5% with 18 years, 63.3% brown, 48.6% belonging to class C, 15.4% did not work or did not study, and 52.1% had divorced parents. The sample was suitable for confirmatory factor analysis (KMO = 0.79); Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.70, demonstrating satisfactory internal consistency with factor loads above 0.5, except for item 9, “was injured or someone else was injured due to drinking.” Confirmatory factor analysis revealed the validity of the three-factor model for the studied sample based on the indices of psychometric adjustments. CONCLUSION: The three-factor AUDIT factor structure was confirmed for the population of adolescents between 18 and 19 years old living in São Luís, ratifying the original conceptual domains proposed by the World Health Organization. AUDIT proved to be a reliable instrument to identify the consumption of alcohol

Fatores de risco comportamentais modificáveis para DNT e sono em adolescentes brasileiros

OBJETIVO: Analisar a associação entre fatores de risco comportamentais modificáveis para doenças não transmissíveis e parâmetros do sono em adolescentes brasileiros. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal que utilizou dados do Consórcio de Coortes RPS, São Luís, Brasil para o seguimento de adolescentes de 18-19 anos (n = 2.515). Os desfechos foram a sonolência diurna excessiva (Escala de Sonolência de Epworth – ESE) e a qualidade do sono (Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh – IQSP). As exposições de interesse foram os fatores de risco comportamentais para doenças não transmissíveis (DNT): tempo de tela, inatividade física, álcool, cigarro, drogas ilícitas, consumo de cafeína, consumo de bebidas adoçadas com açúcar. O excesso de peso foi considerado um possível mediador dessa associação entre as exposições de interesse e os desfechos. Os modelos foram analisados por modelagem com equações estruturais. RESULTADOS: A inatividade física (Coeficiente padronizado, CP = 0,112; p = 0,001), maior consumo de álcool (CP = 0,168; p = 0,019) e de bebidas adoçadas com açúcar (CP = 0,128; p < 0,001) foram associados a sonolência diurna excessiva nos adolescentes; a melhor situação socioeconômica também foi associada a este desfecho (CP = 0,128; p < 0,001). A inatividade física (CP = 0,147; p < 0,001) e o maior consumo de bebidas adoçadas com açúcar (CP = 0,089; p = 0,003) também se associaram com a qualidade do sono ruim. O excesso de peso não foi mediador e nem associado à qualidade do sono ou à sonolência diurna excessiva. CONCLUSÕES: Os principais fatores de risco comportamentais modificáveis para DNT estão associados a piores parâmetros do sono já na adolescência; alertando para um quadro de acúmulos de riscos para distúrbios de sono no futuro.OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between modifiable behavioral risk factors for non-communicable diseases and sleep parameters in Brazilian adolescents. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study that used data from the RPS Cohort Consortium, São Luís, Brazil for the follow-up of adolescents aged 18–19 years (n = 2,515). The outcomes were excessive daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale – ESS) and sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index – PSQI). The exposures of interest were the behavioral risk factors for non-communicable diseases (NCDs): screen time, physical inactivity, alcohol, smoking, illicit drugs, caffeine intake, and consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages. Excess weight was considered a possible mediator of this association between the exposures of interest and the outcomes. The models were analyzed by modeling with structural equations. RESULTS: Physical inactivity (standardized coefficient, SC = 0.112; p = 0.001), higher consumption of alcohol (SC = 0.168; p = 0.019) and of sugar-sweetened beverages (SC = 0.128; p < 0.001) were associated with excessive daytime sleepiness in adolescents; better socioeconomic status was also associated with this outcome (SC = 0.128; p < 0.001). Physical inactivity (SC = 0.147; p < 0.001) and higher consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SC = 0.089; p = 0.003) were also associated with poor sleep quality. Overweight was neither a mediator nor associated with sleep quality or excessive daytime sleepiness. CONCLUSIONS: T he m ain m odifiable b ehavioral r isk f actors f or N CDs a re a ssociated with worse sleep parameters already in adolescence, which serves as a warning toward the accumulation of risks for sleep disorders in the future

Vertical transmission of HIV to neonates in a reference hospital in Northeastern Brazil from 2013 to 2017

The aim of this study was to estimate the rate of Mother-to-child Transmission (MTCT) of HIV to neonates in a reference university hospital in Sao Luis city, the capital of Maranhao State (MA), evaluating MTCT-associated factors. A retrospective cohort study based on data from the Notifiable Diseases Data System (SINAN) was carried out and included all HIV-exposed neonates notified from 2013 to 2017 by the university hospital. The study population comprised 725 HIV-exposed neonates, of whom 672 neonates were exposed and uninfected, and 53 were exposed and infected. The estimated rate of MTCT in the period of 2013 to 2017 was 7.3%. Most pregnant women were ≥ 20 years old (86.9%), reported ≥ 8 years of schooling (53.2%), reported full-time or independent paid work (46.9%) and were residents in other cities of the state (61.7%). Regarding healthcare, 86.3% received prenatal care, 74.6% received Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) as prophylaxis during pregnancy, 81.8% received ART prophylaxis during childbirth and 78.1% underwent cesarean section. Among the neonates, 92.8% received ART prophylaxis and 94.3% were not breastfed. Despite these variables, the 7.3% MTCT rate found in this study makes it clear that the interventions recommended by the Ministry of Health were not fully adopted

MORTALIDADE FEMININA NO ESTADO DO MARANHÃO: UMA ABORDAGEM QUANTITATIVA / Female mortality in the state of Maranhão: a quantitative approach

Introdução: A população feminina brasileira representa parcela importante da população geral, constituindo fração considerável da força produtiva do país. Objetivos: Caracterizar as causas de morte entre mulheres de 10 anos e mais no estado do Maranhão no ano de 2005. Metodologia: Estudo do tipo transversal, retrospectivo com abordagem quantitativa. Os dados foram coletados utilizando o Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM) da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Maranhão (SES). Para este estudo foram selecionados as Declarações de Óbito (DO) de mulheres com idade superior a 10 anos perfazendo um total de 8.417. Resultados: Foi evidenciado que a maioria das mulheres que foram a óbito encontrava-se na faixa etária de 70-89 anos, e dentre as principais causas de mortes femininas ocorridas no período destacaram-se as causas mal definidas (35,73%), as doenças cardiovasculares (11,37%), as doenças cerebrovasculares (11,05%) e o Diabetes Mellitus (7,05%). Conclusões: Apesar das imprecisões e falhas que podem ocorrer no preenchimento das declarações de óbito, os dados de mortalidade obtidos por meio dessa fonte podem trazer subsídios para um conhecimento aproximado das causas básicas de mortalidade e dar idéia de sua evolução no tempo e de sua distribuição no espaço, segundo atributos individuais das pessoas falecidas

MORTALIDADE POR CAUSAS EXTERNAS NO ESTADO DO MARANHÃO, BRASIL: TENDÊNCIAS DE 2001 A 2010 / EXTERNAL CAUSES OF MORTALITY IN THE STATE OF MARANHÃO, BRAZIL: TRENDS FROM 2001 TO 2010

Introdução: Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) define como causas externas todos os agravos à saúde resultantes de lesões, acidentes, traumas e agressões. Anualmente, as causas externas são responsáveis por mais de cinco milhões de mortes em todo o mundo, representando cerca de 9% da mortalidade mundial. Objetivo: Descrever a mortalidade por causas externas no Maranhão. Métodos: Estudo descritivo sobre óbitos por causas externas, ocorridos no Estado do Maranhão entre os anos de 2001 a 2010.Os dados foram coletados na base de dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM). Resultados: Foram registrados 27.929 óbitos por causas externas. A taxa de óbitos aumentou de 6,56% em 2001 a 13,92% em 2010. Em relação às causas básicas dos óbitos, a maior ocorrência foi por agressão (35,57%), seguida por ocupante de veículo traumatizado (16,66%), e afogamento e submersão (6,21%). Conclusão: Considerando que as causas externas de mortalidade correspondem a eventos evitáveis, considera-se importante ações estratégicas direcionadas à prevenção de acidentes e violências de causas externas.Palavras-chave: Causas externas. Mortalidade. Tendências.AbstractIntroduction: The World Health Organization (WHO) defines the external causes as all the health problems that result from lesions, accidents, traumas and aggressions. Annually, these causes are responsible for more than five million deaths worldwide, accounting for about 9% of global mortality. Objective: To describe mortality from external causes in Maranhão. Methods: Descriptive study of deaths due to external causes from 2001 to 2010. Data were collected using the database of the Information System (SIM), available at DATASUS. Results: 27,929 deaths due to external causes were recorded during 2001 to 2010. The mortality rate increased from 6.56% in 2001 to 13.92% in 2010. Regarding the basic causes of deaths, most of occurrences were due to aggression which accounted for 35.57% of the total deaths, followed by trauma due to automobile accident (16.66%) and drowning and submersion (6.21%). Conclusion: Considering that external causes of mortality are preventable, the development of strategies aiming at the prevention of accidents and violence are important.Keywords: External causes. Mortality. Trends

Effect of early determinants on adolescent fat-free mass- RPS cohort of São Luís – MA

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effects of early determinants on adolescent fat-free mass. METHODS: A c ohort s tudy w ith 5 79 a dolescents e valuated a t b irth a nd a dolescence i n a birth cohort in São Luís, Maranhão. In the proposed model, estimated by structural equation modeling, socioeconomic status (SES) at birth, maternal age, pregestational body mass index (BMI), gestational smoking, gestational weight gain, type of delivery, gestational age, sex of the newborn, length and weight at birth, adolescent socioeconomic status, “neither study/nor work” generation, adolescent physical activity level and alcohol consumption were tested as early determinants of adolescent fat-free mass (FFM). RESULTS: A higher pregestational BMI resulted in higher FFM in adolescence (Standardized Coefficient, SC = 0.152; p < 0.001). Being female implied a lower FFM in adolescence (SC = -0.633; p < 0.001). The negative effect of gender on FFM was direct (SC = -0.523; p < 0.001), but there was an indirect negative effect via physical activity level (SC = -0.085; p < 0.001). Women were less active (p < 0.001). An increase of 0.5 kg (1 Standard Deviation, SD) in birth weight led to a gain of 0.25 kg/m2 (0.106 SD) in adolescent FFM index (p = 0.034). Not studying or working had a negative effect on the adolescent’s FFM (SC = -0.106; p = 0.015). Elevation of 1 SD in the adolescent’s physical activity level represented an increase of 0.5 kg/m2 (0.207 SD) in FFM index (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The early determinants with the greatest effects on adolescent FFM are gender, adolescent physical activity level, pregestational BMI, birth weight and belonging to the “neither-nor” generation

Prepregnancy body mass index, gestational weight gain, and birth weight in the BRISA cohort

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effects of maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index and weight gain during pregnancy on the baby’s birth weight. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study with 5,024 mothers and their newborns using a Brazilian birth cohort study. In the proposed model, estimated by structural equation modeling, we tested socioeconomic status, age, marital status, pre-pregnancy body mass index, smoking habit and alcohol consumption during pregnancy, hypertension and gestational diabetes, gestational weight gain, and type of delivery as determinants of the baby’s birth weight. RESULTS: For a gain of 4 kg/m2 (1 Standard Deviation [SD]) in pre-pregnancy body mass index, there was a 0.126 SD increase in birth weight, corresponding to 68 grams (p < 0.001). A 6 kg increase (1 SD) in gestational weight gain represented a 0.280 SD increase in newborn weight, correponding to 151.2 grams (p < 0.001). The positive effect of pre-pregnancy body mass index on birth weight was direct (standardized coefficient [SC] = 0.202; p < 0.001), but the negative indirect effect was small (SC = -0.076, p < 0.001) and partially mediated by the lower weight gain during pregnancy (SC = -0.070, p < 0.001). The positive effect of weight gain during pregnany on birth weight was predominantly direct (SC = 0.269, p < 0.001), with a small indirect effect of cesarean delivery (SC = 0.011; p < 0.001). Women with a higher pre-pregnancy body mass index gained less weight during pregnancy (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The effect of gestational weight gain on the increase in birth weight was greater than that of pre-pregnancy body mass index

Mental health and physical inactivity during pregnancy: a cross-sectional study nested in the BRISA cohort study

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between mental health and physical inactivity in 1,447 pregnant women in the second trimester of pregnancy. Subjects answered the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Symptoms of depression and anxiety, and stress levels were assessed using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, the Beck Anxiety Inventory and the Perceived Stress Scale, respectively. The rate of physical inactivity was low (39.8%). The prevalence rates of symptoms of severe depression and severe levels of anxiety were 28.8% and 16.9%, respectively. The average perceived stress score was 24.9. An association was found between physical inactivity and not living with a partner (OR = 1.28), having a manual occupation (OR = 0.71) and, unexpectedly, normal and low levels of anxiety (OR = 1.46 and OR = 1.44, respectively). No association was observed between physical inactivity and symptoms of severe depression and perceived stress. It is plausible to assume that the majority of physical activity practiced by these women was attributable to housework or occupation which may in turn be associated with high levels of anxiety

IDENTIFICAÇÃO DE RISCOS E PRÁTICAS NA UTILIZAÇÃO DE MEDICAMENTOS POTENCIALMENTE PERIGOSOS EM HOSPITAL UNIVERSITÁRIO

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar as prescrições de medicamentos potencialmente perigosos e identificar as práticas adotadas na dispensação em hospital universitário público de alta complexidade, propondo estratégias para prevenção de eventos adversos. Métodos: estudo transversal realizado com 566 prescrições, em três turnos, no período de abril a dezembro de 2016. A identificação de práticas para dispensação foi por observação direta com aplicação de checklist baseado no protocolo do Ministério da Saúde (MS) /Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA). Utilizou-se teste não paramétrico do qui-quadrado de independência para avaliar a associação entre prescrições com e sem medicamentos potencialmente perigosos e unidades de internação. Resultados: mais da metade das prescrições (56,6%) continha dois ou mais medicamentos potencialmente perigosos e quase todos injetáveis (95,4%), principalmente analgésicos opioides (31,2%), glicose 50% (24,7%) e insulina NPH e regular (24,3%). A taxa dos prescritos correspondeu a 18,2%. As principais práticas que representaram riscos foram: distribuição coletiva de cloreto de potássio e insulina; falta de etiquetas de alerta; dupla conferência inexistente; uso de fontes de interrupção/distração em 43,9% das prescrições atendidas. Conclusão: apesar de serem frequentes em mais da metade das prescrições, as práticas adotadas na dispensação de medicamentos potencialmente perigosos foram insuficientes para uma dispensação segura, podendo comprometer a administração desses medicamentos e causar danos aos pacientes. É importante a implementação do protocolo do MS/ANVISA para prevenção de erros de medicação, em consonância com o terceiro desafio global da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS)