The Food Environment of Primary School Learners in a Low-to-Middle-Income Area in Cape Town, South Africa

Rapid changes in food environments, where less nutritious foods have become cheaper and more accessible, have led to the double burden of malnutrition (DBM). The role food environments have played in shaping the DBM has attained global interest. There is a paucity of food environment research in low-to-middle-income countries. We conducted a case study of the food environments of school aged learners. A primary school in Cape Town was recruited. A multi-method design was used: a home food and eating behaviours questionnaire completed by 102 household respondents and four questions completed by 152 learners; learner participatory photography; a semi-structured school principal interview; a tuckshop inventory; observation of three-day tuckshop purchases. Foods that were commonly present in households: refined carbohydrates, fats/oils, chicken, processed meats, vegetables, fruit, legumes, snacks/drinks. Two thirds of households had rules about unhealthy drinks/snacks, ate supper together and in front of the TV, ate a home cooked meal five–seven times/week and ate breakfast together under two times/week. Vegetables were eaten under two times/week in 45% of households. A majority of learners (84%) took a lunchbox to school. Twenty-five learners photographed their food environment and 15 participated in semi-structured interviews. Six themes emerged: where to buy; what is available in the home; meal composition; family dynamics; peer engagement; food preparation. Items bought at informal food outlets included snacks, drinks and grocery staples. The principal interview revealed the establishment of a healthy school food environment, including a vegetable garden, although unhealthy snacks were sold at the tuckshop. Key dimensions of the food environment that require further investigation in disadvantaged urban and informal settlement areas include the home availability of unhealthy foods, eating behaviours in households and healthfulness of foods sold by informal food outlets

Insights into Z b ( 10610 ) and Z b ( 10650 ) from dipion transitions from ϒ ( 10860 )

The dipion transitions Υ(10860)→π+π−Υ(nS) (n=1, 2, 3) are studied in the framework of a unitary and analytic coupled-channel formalism previously developed for analyzing experimental data on the bottomoniumlike states Zb(10610) and Zb(10650) [Phys. Rev. D 98, 074023 (2018)] and predicting the properties of their spin partners [Phys. Rev. D 99, 094013 (2019)]. In this work we use a relatively simple but realistic version of this approach, where the scattering and production amplitudes are constructed employing only short-ranged interactions between the open- and hidden-flavor channels consistent with the constraints from heavy quark spin symmetry, for an extended analysis of the experimental line shapes. In particular, the transitions from the Υ(10860) to the final states ππhb(mP) (m=1, 2) and πB(*)¯B∗ already studied before, are now augmented by the Υ(10860)→π+π−Υ(nS) final states (n=1, 2, 3). This is achieved by employing dispersion theory to account for the final state interaction of the ππ subsystem including its coupling to the K¯K channel. Fits to the two-dimensional Dalitz plots for the π+π−Υ final states were performed. Two real subtraction constants are adjusted to achieve the best description of the Dalitz plot for each Υ(nS) (n=1, 2, 3) while all the parameters related to the properties of the Zbs are kept fixed from the previous study. A good overall description of the data for all Υ(10860)→π+π−Υ(nS) channels achieved in this work provides additional strong support for the molecular interpretation of the Zb states

Zeitlich hochaufgeloeste Bestimmung von Kfz-Emissionen mittels innovativer Laser-Fernmesstechnik und weiterer optischer Fernmessverfahren Abschlussbericht

An innovative laser remote sensing system, based on tunable diode lasers, has been evaluated, further developed und calibrated. With the results of the research project it is now possible to characterize the emissions of driving cars with high time resolution remotely from the border of the street. Therefore cars with significant high emissions can be detected within the traffic passing by. Extended measurement campaigns of the ambient air pollution, caused by cars, have been performed in urban regions. For that purpose different optical remote measurement systems have been validated used together with standard point monitoring systems and meteorological systems. Additionally, the diode laser remote sensing system has been reconstructed for the measurement of ambient air pollution. Based on an numerical model and traffic data the ambient air pollution, caused by cars, has been predicted and compared with measurement data successfully. At the end of the project various scientific tools are ready to use for the investigation of emissions and ambient air pollution caused by cars. A transfer of the research results to different fields of environmental surveillance, research and standardization will be realized by various cooperations. (orig.)Ein Laser-Fernmesssystem wurde evaluiert, weiterentwickelt und kalibriert, das mit durchstimmbaren Diodenlasern arbeitet. Aufgrund der Forschungsarbeiten steht nun ein transportables Messsystem zur Verfuegung, mit dem sich zeitlich hochaufgeloest Kfz-Emissionen von vorbeifahrenden Kfz charakterisieren lassen. Damit koennen Fahrzeuge mit besonders hohem Schadstoffausstoss im fliessenden Verkehr individuell detektiert werden. Umfangreiche Imissionsmesskampagnen kfz-bedingter Luftschadstoffe im urbanen Bereich wurden durchgefuehrt. Dazu wurden verschiedene optische Fernmessverfahren validiert und zusammen mit punktfoermig messenden Standardanalysatoren und meteorologischen Messsystemen eingesetzt. Das Dioden-Laser-Fernmesssystem wurde zusaetzlich fuer Immissionsmessungen umgeruestet. Die Immissionsbelastung durch kfz-bedingte Luftschadstoffe wurde aufgrund von Verkehrsdaten mit Hilfe eines Rechenmodells prognostiziert und erfolgreich mit realen Messdaten verglichen. Nach Abschluss des Projektes stehen damit verschiedene wissenschaftliche Werkzeuge zur Verfuegung, um kfz-bedingte Emissionen bzw. Immissionen zu erfassen. Ein Transfer in Bereiche der Umweltueberwachung, Wissenschaft und Normung wird u.a. durch verschiedene Kooperationen gewaehrleistet. (orig.)Available from TIB Hannover: F02B676+a / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEBundesministerium fuer Bildung und Forschung, Berlin (Germany)DEGerman