Policy opportunities to enhance the role of smallholder livestock systems in Limpopo Province of South Africa

Post-apartheid administrations in South Africa were faced with redressing the legacy of multifaceted poverty and social inequalities created by apartheid politics. The entrance of smallholder farmers into the mainstream economy became a government priority and policy aim. Institutional efforts in Limpopo Province provided infrastructure to establish poultry and vegetable producing enterprises. Very few livestock projects were funded. The success rate of institutional interventions was low. We argue that smallholder livestock systems offer policy opportunities to realise post-apartheid reform goals in the smallholder livestock sector. The premises are; there are more livestock in communal smallholder sector than in the commercial sector. This indicates there is a substantial level of natural, human and social capital existing within smallholder livestock systems. Secondly, commercial livestock systems are increasingly converted to game and wildlife enterprises necessitating imports of large numbers of livestock from Namibia to account for the shortfall in red-meat in South Africa. It is possible that the low off-take characterising smallholder livestock and the Cattle Complex Philosophy probably deterred past efforts to recognise the potential of smallholder livestock systems for rural and agricultural development. The Cattle Complex Philosophy claims that African smallholders have an attitudinal resistance to sell livestock. Data from a survey amongst 193 households in ten villages of Sekhukhune District of Limpopo Province illustrates that low livestock sales relates to the dysfunctional composition, sub-optimal reproductive potential and high calf mortality of smallholder herds. Conclusions and policy recommendations are offered.http://reference.sabinet.co.za/sa_epublication/agrihb201

Evaluation of Cenchrus ciliaris: 1. Effects of nitrogen level and cutting frequency on digestibility and voluntary intake.

Cenchrus ciliaris (cv. Molopo) was cut at 3, 5 and 7 week intervals and fertilized with 50, 160 and 270 kg N/ha respectively. The treatments provided hay of nine different qualities with a range of ash (8, 5 to 10, 6%), N (0, 9 to 2, 5%) crude fibre (38, 5 to 45, 4%), in vitro digestibility (53, 8 to 70, 5%) and voluntary intake (57, 1 to 70, 3 g/kg W 0, 75). Unfertilized C. ciliaris and C. ciliaris fertilized with 50 and 100 kg N/ha and cut at eight weeks provided three qualities of hay with a range of ash (8, 5 to 10, 1%), N (0, 6 to 0, 9%) and fibre (42, 9 to 44, 7%). The hay of the 0, 50 and 100 kg N/ha treatments varied in in vitro digestibility (61, 2, 63, 5 and 59, 0%) in vivo digestibility (49, 3, 57, 9 and 59, 3%), voluntary intake (50, 1, 67, 5 and 65, 1 g/kg W0, 75) and mean daily livemass gain/sheep (-4, 5, 57, 3 and 52, 8 g) respectively. It is concluded that voluntary intake provides one of the best measures for determining the nutritive value of C. ciliaris.Keywords: cenchrus ciliaris; crude fibre; cutting frequency; digestibility; evaluation; hay; in vitro digestibility; intake; intervals; nitrogen; quality; south africa; treatment; treatment

Policy opportunities to enhance the role of smallholder livestock systems in Limpopo Province of South Africa

Fokus penelitian ini adalah: 1) Bagaimana proses pelaksaan Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam dengan Menggunakan Terapi Shalat Bahagia dalam Menangani Remaja yang Kecanduan Game Online Mobile Legend (Studi Kasus Siswa Kelas X SMA Bina Bangsa Surabaya)? 2) Bagaimana hasil akhir pelaksaan Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam dengan Menggunakan Terapi Shalat Bahagia dalam Menangani Remaja yang Kecanduan Game Online Mobile Legend (Studi Kasus Siswa Kelas X SMA Bina Bangsa Surabaya)? Untuk menjawab permasalahan tersebut metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi yang disajikan dalam bab penyajian data. Serta menggunakan analisis deskriptif komparatif dalam menganalisa hasil akhir diri pelaksaan terapi Shalat Bahagia untuk menangani studi kasus remaja yang kecanduan game online. Dalam penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa proses Terapi Shalat Bahagia dalam menangani remaja yang kecanduan game online dilakukan melalui 3 tahapan, yakni 1) terapi sahalat bahagia dengan langkah yaitu Konselor yang diiringi dengan fasilitator terapi shalat bahagia memberikan penjelasan renungan kepada konseli tentang poin-poin terapi shalat bahagia, Shalat Bahagia dilakukan konselor bersama-sama dengan fasilitator, Melihat dan mengamati konselor yang melakukan terapi shalat bahagia secara individu, 2.) memberi home work berupa amalan istighfar dan dzikir terutama setelah shalat atau ketika waktu kosong. Hasil dari penerapan konseling ini yaitu agar konseli sadar akan kesalahn- kesalahannya dan meminta ampunan kepada Allah karena kekhilafannya melalaikan perintah Allah SWT hanya demi bermain game online