2,177 research outputs found
Laser-heated rocket studies
CW laser heated rocket propulsion was investigated in both the flowing core and stationary core configurations. The laser radiation considered was 10.6 micrometers, and the working gas was unseeded hydrogen. The areas investigated included initiation of a hydrogen plasma capable of absorbing laser radiation, the radiation emission properties of hot, ionized hydrogen, the flow of hot hydrogen while absorbing and radiating, the heat losses from the gas and the rocket performance. The stationary core configuration was investigated qualitatively and semi-quantitatively. It was found that the flowing core rockets can have specific impulses between 1,500 and 3,300 sec. They are small devices, whose heating zone is only a millimeter to a few centimeters long, and millimeters to centimeters in radius, for laser power levels varying from 10 to 5,000 kW, and pressure levels of 3 to 10 atm. Heat protection of the walls is a vital necessity, though the fraction of laser power lost to the walls can be as low as 10% for larger powers, making the rockets thermally efficient
Antigenic Complementarity in the Origins of Autoimmunity: A General Theory Illustrated With a Case Study of Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia Purpura
We describe a novel, testable theory of autoimmunity, outline novel predictions made by the theory, and illustrate its application to unravelling the possible causes of idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP). Pairs of stereochemically complementary antigens induce complementary immune responses (antibody or T-cell) that create loss of regulation and civil war within the immune system itself. Antibodies attack antibodies creating circulating immune complexes; T-cells attack T-cells creating perivascular cuffing. This immunological civil war abrogates the self-nonself distinction. If at least one of the complementary antigens mimics a self antigen, then this unregulated immune response will target host tissues as well. Data demonstrating that complementary antigens are found in some animal models of autoimmunity and may be present in various human diseases, especially ITP, are reviewed. Specific mechanisms for preventing autoimmunity or suppressing existing autoimmunity are derived from the theory, and critical tests proposed. Finally, we argue that Koch's postulates are inadequate for establishing disease causation for multiple-antigen diseases and discuss the possibility that current research has failed to elucidate the causes of human autoimmune diseases because we are using the wrong criteria
‘Trial and error…’, ‘…happy patients’ and ‘…an old toy in the cupboard’: a qualitative investigation of factors that influence practitioners in their prescription of foot orthoses
Background: Foot orthoses are used to manage of a plethora of lower limb conditions. However, whilst the theoretical
foundations might be relatively consistent, actual practices and therefore the experience of patients is likely to be less so.
The factors that affect the prescription decisions that practitioners make about individual patients is unknown and hence
the way in which clinical experience interacts with knowledge from training is not understood. Further, other influences
on orthotic practice may include the adoption (or not) of technology. Hence the aim of this study was to explore, for
the first time, the influences on orthotic practice.
Methods: A qualitative approach was adopted utilising two focus groups (16 consenting participants in total; 15
podiatrists and 1 orthotist) in order to collect the data. An opening question “What factors influence your orthotic
practice?” was followed with trigger questions, which were used to maintain focus. The dialogue was recorded
digitally, transcribed verbatim and a thematic framework was used to analyse the data.
Results: There were five themes: (i) influences on current practice, (ii) components of current practice, (iii) barriers
to technology being used in clinical practice, (iv) how technology could enhance foot orthoses prescription and
measurement of outcomes, and (v) how technology could provide information for practitioners and patients. A final
global theme was agreed by the researchers and the participants: ‘Current orthotic practice is variable and does not
embrace technology as it is perceived as being not fit for purpose in the clinical environment. However, practitioners
do have a desire for technology that is usable and enhances patient focussed assessment, the interventions, the clinical
outcomes and the patient’s engagement throughout these processes’.
Conclusions: In relation to prescribing foot orthoses, practice varies considerably due to multiple influences.
Measurement of outcomes from orthotic practice is a priority but there are no current norms for achieving this.
There have been attempts by practitioners to integrate technology into their practice, but with largely negative
experiences. The process of technology development needs to improve and have a more practice, rather than
technology focus
Three-Dimensional Quantum Percolation Studied by Level Statistics
Three-dimensional quantum percolation problems are studied by analyzing
energy level statistics of electrons on maximally connected percolating
clusters. The quantum percolation threshold \pq, which is larger than the
classical percolation threshold \pc, becomes smaller when magnetic fields are
applied, i.e., \pq(B=0)>\pq(B\ne 0)>\pc. The critical exponents are found to
be consistent with the recently obtained values of the Anderson model,
supporting the conjecture that the quantum percolation is classified onto the
same universality classes of the Anderson transition. Novel critical level
statistics at the percolation threshold is also reported.Comment: to appear in the May issue of J. Phys. Soc. Jp
The Kramers equation simulation algorithm II. An application to the Gross-Neveu model
We continue the investigation on the applications of the Kramers equation to
the numerical simulation of field theoretic models. In a previous paper we have
described the theory and proposed various algorithms. Here, we compare the
simplest of them with the Hybrid Monte Carlo algorithm studying the
two-dimensional lattice Gross-Neveu model. We used a Symanzik improved action
with dynamical Wilson fermions. Both the algorithms allow for the determination
of the critical mass. Their performances in the definite phase simulations are
comparable with the Hybrid Monte Carlo. For the two methods, the numerical
values of the measured quantities agree within the errors and are compatible
with the theoretical predictions; moreover, the Kramers algorithm is safer from
the point of view of the numerical precision.Comment: 20 pages + 1 PostScript figure not included, REVTeX 3.0, IFUP-TH-2
Search for Direct CP Violation in B -> K pi Decays
We search for direct CP violation in flavor specific B -> K pi decays by
measuring the rate asymmetry between charge conjugate modes. The search is
performed on a data sample of 11.1 million B B bar events recorded on the
Upsilon(4S) resonance by the Belle experiment at KEKB. We measure 90%
confidence intervals in the partial rate asymmetry A_CP of -0.25 < A_CP(K-/+
pi+/-) < 0.37, -0.40 < A_CP(K-/+ pi^0) < 0.36, and -0.53 < A_CP(K^0 pi-/+) <
0.82. By combining the K-/+ pi+/- and K-/+ pi^0 final states, we conclude that
-0.22 < A_CP[K-/+(pi+/- + pi^0)] < 0.25 at the 90% confidence level.Comment: Submitted to PRD Rapid Communication
- …