Fast Digital Calibration of Static Phase Offset in Charge-Pump Phase-Locked Loops

Mismatches within the charge pump (CP) deteriorate the spectral perfor- mance of the CP-PLL output signal resulting in a static phase offset. Classical analog approaches to reducing this offset consume large silicon area and increase gate leak- age mismatch. For ultra-deep-submicron (UDSM) technologies where gate leakage in- creases dramatically, reduction of static phase offset through digital calibration becomes more favorable. This paper presents a novel technique which digitally calibrates static phase offset down to < 10 ps for a PLL operating at 4.8 GHz, designed using a 1V 90nm CMOS process. Calibration is completed in only 2 steps, making the proposed technique suitable for systems requiring frequent switching such as frequency hopping systems commonly used in today’s wireless communication systems

Combining fNIRS and EEG to improve motor cortex activity classification during an imagined movement-based task

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Combining fNIRS and EEG to improve motor cortex activity classification during an imagined movement-based task

This work serves as an initial investigation into improvements to classification accuracy of an imagined movement-based Brain Computer Interface (BCI) by combining the feature spaces of two unique measurement modalities: functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and electroencephalography (EEG). Our dual-modality system recorded concurrent and co-locational hemodynamic and electrical responses in the motor cortex during an imagined movement task, participated in by two subjects. Offline analysis and classification of fNIRS and EEG data was performed using leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). Classification of 2-dimensional fNIRS and EEG feature spaces was performed separately and then their feature spaces were combined for further classification. Results of our investigation indicate that by combining feature spaces, modest gains in classification accuracy of an imagined movement-based BCI can be achieved by employing a supplemental measurement modality. It is felt that this technique may be particularly useful in the design of BCI devices for the augmentation of rehabilitation therapy

A 90nm, Low Power VCO with Reduced KVCO and Sub−band Spacing Variation

In this paper we present the design of a low power VCO with reduced variations in VCO gain (KVCO) and subband spacing resolution (fres). The proposed VCO is designed using a 90nm CMOS process to cover a tuning range of 23%. Variations in KVCO and fres are reduced by factors of 6 and 17 respectively over a conventional sub-banded VCO, designed using the same process, to meet the same tuning range. This makes the proposed VCO more suited to stable PLL operation with its reduced KVCO requirements resulting in an improvement in phase noise performance over the conventional VCO by 2 dB. Due to the reduced loading on the VCO tank achieved by the presented design, power consumption is kept extremely low at 850 μW from a 1 V suppl

Implementation of building information modeling (BIM) in construction: a comparative case study

Building Information Modeling (BIM) approach is increasingly adopted in coordination of construction projects, with a number of parties providing BIM services and software solutions. However, the empirical impact of BIM on construction industry has yet to be investigated. This paper explores the interaction between BIM and the construction industry during its implementation, with a specific focus on the empirical impacts of BIM on the design and construction processes and professional roles during the process. Two cases were selected from recent construction projects coordinated with BIM systems: the Venetian Casino project in Macau and the Cathy Pacific Cargo Terminal project in Hong Kong. The former case illustrates how the conflicts emerged during the design process and procurement were addressed by adopting a BIM approach. The latter demonstrates how the adoption of BIM altered the roles of architect, contractor, and sub‐contractors involved in the project. The impacts of BIM were critically reviewed and discussed