Hygroscopic behavior of lyophilized bovine pericardium

Hygroscopic behavior of lyophilized products can be visualized starting from the construction of Moisture Sorption Isotherms (MSI). Such curves show the relationship between the maximum amount of absorbed water for a substance, with the equilibrium vapor pressure or water activity, at a given constant temperature. Aimed to study later the reconstitution and use of biological materials of lyophilized bovine pericardium, it was plot adsorption and desorption curves, at temperatures of 15, 25 and 35°C, on HydrosorbTM 1000 - water vapor sorption analyzer. The results showed MSI type II, according BET classification, typical reaction of hydrophilic surfaces with monolayer and multilayer formation. Histerese phenomenon was observed during the whole MSI interval. The mathematical models of BET and GAB fitted well the experimental data and allowed the water monolayer calculation, estimate the critical level of residual moisture that assures more stability to the product.O comportamento higroscópico de produtos desidratados pode ser visualizado a partir da construção de curvas denominadas Isotermas de Sorção de Umidade (ISU). Esse tipo de curva relaciona a quantidade máxima de água absorvida por uma substância, com a pressão de vapor de equilíbrio ou a atividade de água, numa dada temperatura mantida constante. Com o objetivo de estudar posteriormente a reconstituição, material de embalagem e utilização de implantes feitos a partir de pericárdio bovino liofilizado, foram traçadas curvas de adsorção e dessorção de umidade em um analisador de sorção de vapor de água, HydrosorbTM 1000, nas temperaturas de 15, 25 e 35°C. Os resultados obtidos mostraram ISU tendendo ao tipo II, segundo a classificação de BET, reação típica de superfícies hidrofílicas com formação de monocamada e multicamadas. O fenômeno da histerese foi observado durante todo o intervalo da ISU. Os modelos matemáticos de Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) e Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer (GAB) ajustaram bem os dados experimentais permitindo o cálculo do valor monomolecular, importante para a estimativa do nível crítico de umidade residual que confere maior estabilidade de armazenamento ao produto.31332

Care during freeze-drying of bovine pericardium tissue to be used as a biomaterial: A comparative study

Bovine pericardium (BP) tissue is widely used in the manufacture of bioprosthetics. The effects of freeze-drying on the BP tissue have been studied by some researchers in order to decrease their cytotoxicity due to preservation in formaldehyde solution, and to increase the lifetime of the product in storage. This study was undertaken in order to study the effect of freeze-drying in the structure of BP. To perform this study BP samples were freeze-dried in two different types of freeze-dryers available in our laboratory: a laboratory freeze-dryer, in which it was not possible to control parameters and a pilot freeze-dryer, wherein all parameters during freezing and drying were controlled. After freeze-drying processes, samples were analyzed by SEM, Raman spectroscopy, tensile strength, water uptake tests and TEM. In summary, it has been demonstrated that damages occur in collagen fibers by the loss of bulk water of collagen structure implicating in a drastic decreasing of BP mechanical properties due to its structural alterations. Moreover, it was proven that the collagen fibrils suffered breakage at some points, which can be attributed to the uncontrolled parameters during drying. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.FAPESP State of Sao Paulo Research Foundation[08/51523-5]FAPESP (The State of Sao Paulo Research Foundation

Prospects in Lyophilization of Bovine Pericardium

Almost 30 years after the introduction of heart valve prostheses patients worldwide are benefiting from the implant of these devices. Among the various types of heart valves, the ones made of treated bovine pericardium have become a frequently used replacement of the heart`s native valve. Lyophilization, also known as freeze-drying, is an extremely useful technique for tissue storage for surgical applications. This article gives a brief overview on the current bovine pericardium lyophilization development, including the chemical modification to improve physical-chemical characteristics and the advanced technologies used to guarantee a high-quality product. It was shown that lyophilization process can be successfully applied as a method of bovine pericardium preservation and also as a technological tool to prepare new materials obtained by chemical modification of native tissues

Targeted Drug Delivery: Liposome-loaded Cell Backpacks (adv. Healthcare Mater. 18/2015).

Cellular backpacks are circular 7μm-wide polymer patches that can be adhered to the surface of living cells. The image shows backpacks containing liposomes loaded with the anticancer drug doxorubicin (red) attached to the surface of living monocytes. More details are provided on page 2832 by M.F. Rubner and co-workers.4283

Sugar-mediated disassembly of mucin/lectin multilayers and their use as pH-tolerant, on-demand sacrificial layers

The layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly of thin films on surfaces has proven to be an extremely useful technology for uses ranging from optics to biomedical applications. Releasing these films from the substrate to generate so-called free-standing multilayer films opens a new set of applications. Current approaches to generating such materials are limited because they can be cytotoxic, difficult to scale up, or have undesirable side reactions on the material. In this work, a new sacrificial thin film system capable of chemically triggered dissolution at physiological pH of 7.4 is described. The film was created through LbL assembly of bovine submaxillary mucin (BSM) and the lectin jacalin (JAC) for a (BSM/JAC) multilayer system, which remains stable over a wide pH range (pH 3–9) and at high ionic strength (up to 5 M NaCl). This stability allows for subsequent LbL assembly of additional films in a variety of conditions, which could be released from the substrate by incubation in the presence of a competitive inhibitor sugar, melibiose, which selectively disassembles the (BSM/JAC) section of the film. This novel multilayer system was then applied to generate free-standing, 7 μm diameter, circular ultrathin films, which can be attached to a cell surface as a “backpack”. A critical thickness of about 100 nm for the (BSM/JAC) film was required to release the backpacks from the glass substrate, after incubation in melibiose solution at 37 °C for 1 h. Upon their release, backpacks were subsequently attached to murine monocytes without cytotoxicity, thereby demonstrating the compatibility of this mucin-based release system with living cells15830933098FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP2010/51066-3; 2011/ 21326-

Histological evaluation of biocompatibility of lyophilized bovine pericardium implanted subcutaneously in rats

This article aims at investigating in vivo evaluation of lyophilization procedure on the biocompatibility of bovine pericardium treated with glutaraldehyde (GA). The bovine pericardium was fixed with 0.5% glutaraldehyde during 10 days and preserved in 4% formaldehyde (FA). Two groups of samples were prepared from treated membranes: Group 1, nonlyophilized samples and Group 2, lyophilized samples. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (4 weeks after birth) were anesthetized (pentobarbital sodium 25 mg/kg of body weight) and in each one were implanted subcutaneously in the dorsal region a sample from Group 1 and another from Group 2. These samples were explanted after 30 days for histological analysis. No intercurrences took place after the surgery. No differences (P > 0.05) in the calcification, granulomatous reaction, mononuclear infiltration, and granulation tissue development was observed between both groups. The implanted lyophilized samples presented a trend for a reduced inflammatory reaction. Lyophilization of the bovine pericardium does not seem to increase the above listed tissue reaction

Cytotoxicity and Endothelial Cell Adhesion of Lyophilized and Irradiated Bovine Pericardium Modified With Silk Fibroin and Chitosan

Grafts of biological tissues have been used since the 1960s as an alternative to the mechanical heart prostheses. Nowadays, the most consolidated treatment to bovine pericardial (BP) bioprostheses is the crosslinking with glutaraldehyde (GA), although GA may induce calcification in vivo. In previous work, our group demonstrated that electron beam irradiation applied to lyophilized BP in the absence of oxygen promoted crosslinks among collagen fibers of BP tissue. In this work, the incorporation of silk fibroin (SF) and chitosan (CHIT) in the BP not treated with GA was studied. The samples were irradiated and then analyzed for their cytotoxicity and the ability of adhesion and growth of endothelial cells. Initially, all samples showed cytotoxicity. However, after a few washing cycles, the cytotoxicity due to acetic acid and ethanol residues was removed from the biomaterial making it suitable for the biofunctional test. The samples modified with SF/CHIT and electron beam irradiated favored the adhesion and growth of endothelial cells throughout the tissue.FAPESPCNP

Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of bovine pericardium preserved in glycerol

Bovine pericardium is a widely utilized biomaterial. Usually, after harvesting, it is advantageous that the pericardium be immersed in glycerol to improve its shelf life. This can induce some degree of toxicity in the material. The studies were performed in compliance with the rules of ISO 10993 and OECD 487, in the biological evaluation of medical devices. The material was prepared without previous washing. After sterilization by gamma radiation the pericardium was immersed in RPMI 1640 culture medium to fulfill the extraction condition. The same extract was employed in the cytotoxic and genotoxic tests. The procedures were carried out with Chinese hamster ovary cell line and to determine the cytotoxicity, a colorimetric method with the tetrazolium compound MTS was used. For the genotoxicity, following the in vitro micronucleus assay, the test was developed with and without metabolic activation. The Cytotoxicity Index was graphically estimated at the extract concentration of 78%. In the genotoxicity test, the average value of cell proliferation index was found to be 1.62 +/- 0.02 with S9 metabolic activator and 1.91 +/- 0.01 without S9 metabolic activator. Both values are similar to the negative control value in the micronucleus assay. We observed that although the pericardium preserved in glycerol shows a certain level of cytotoxicity, it does not show any genotoxicity.32427227